Lecture 110-117 End Unit 3

Front 1

If you have a hypophysectomized and depancreatized rat, and you inject ig with GH how much will it grow?

Back 1

BARELY
You need to give it Insulin as well.

NEED INSULIN AND GH TO GROW!

Front 2

How does insulin affect growth?

Back 2

It promotes transcription of DNA and translation of RNA into macromolecules in CARTILAGE, BONE and MUSCLE!

Front 3

Insulin promotes the uptake of what ions in the muscle? In the kidney?

Back 3

Muscle: K+, Mg2+, PO4-
Kidneys: Na+, K+ PO4-

Front 4

What do beta adrenergic stimuli do to glucagon release? Insulin release?

Back 4

STIMULATES BOTH

Front 5

What do FFA do to glucagon?

Back 5

Inhibit it

Front 6

If you have a meal that is exclusively protein, what happens to insulin and glucagon release?

Back 6

Insulin AND glucagon release are BOTH STIMULATED

Front 7

If you were to look at a graph of glucagon and insulin throughout the day NORMAL diet, what would it look like?

Back 7

Glucagon would be pretty constant with minor dips during meals.

Spikes of insulin during meals.

Front 8

How does glucagon make FFA into ketone bodies?

Back 8

FFA, FA-CoA, Acetyl CoA, acetoacetic acid, beta hydroxybutyric acid

Front 9

When you have low blood sugar you want to increase it through glucagon. How does glucagon do this with protein break down? (biochem)

Back 9

muscle protein, aa, exported to liver, pyruvate, glucose

Front 10

What stimulates somatostatin's release (4)?

Back 10

1. glucose
2. aa
3. secretin, CCK
4. Acetyl Choline

Front 11

What do growth hormone and cortisol do to blood sugar?

Back 11

They increase it by inhibiting cellular uptake of glucose

Front 12

What would getting an adrenalectomy or a hypophysectomy do to your blood glucose?

Back 12

LOWER IT
-remember that GH secreted by AP increases blood glucose

Front 13

At a cellular level how does insulin get cells to absorb insulin?

Back 13

By promoting the insertion of GLUT-4 transporter

Front 14

How does insulin affect hepatocytes specifically? (what enzyme does it activate) What pathways are activated and in what order of preference?

Back 14

Hexokinase is activated to yield G6P

Pathways activated:
1. Glycogenesis
2. Glycolysis
3. PPP

Front 15

In the fed state what happens to glyceryl-3-P in the liver? in fat cells?

Back 15

In liver: glyceryl-3-P (which comes from glycerol) is changed to FA to yield TG which are incorporated in VLDL
In fat cells they are turned into TG

Front 16

What happens to aa uptaken by liver during fed state (2)?

Back 16

1. protein
2. converted into FA and TG via deamination that yields potentially toxic ammonia (need to get rid of it: urine)

Front 17

What happens to lipoprotein lipase activity in fed state? Why?

Back 17

It increases.
LPL is only found in capillaries. LPL will break apart lipoprotein to FFA which will be taken up to adipose tissue to synthesize TG

Front 18

When is glycogen phosphorylase activated?

Back 18

During the FASTING phase.
Glycogen, glycogen-1-P, .... glucose

Front 19

What will ultimately happen to Glycogen acted on by glycogen phosphorylase in liver? muscle?

Back 19

liver: glycogen---> glucose, exported
muscle: glycogen --> G6P
LACKS G6 Phosphatase

G6P turned into LACTIC ACID or PYRUVATE which is sent to liver.

Front 20

What are the main sources for gluconeogenesis?

Back 20

1. aa: especially alanine and glutamine: from muscle
2. lactate: from muscle
3. glycerol: from adipocytes

Front 21

During starvation what happens to glucose utilization? what happens to glucose levels?

Back 21

Glucose utilization: decreased
Glucose levels: MAINTAINED

Front 22

What does high level of FFA do to circulating glucose?

Back 22

When there is a high level of FFA in blood, cells will REDUCE their uptake of glucose!

Front 23

What happens to alanine levels during fasting?

Back 23

They decrease!
They are aa secreted by muscle that will be used by liver for gluconeogenesis

Front 24

When exercising you use several stores of E, the first is depletion of glycogen. What is the last one? What E source can you NOT use?

Back 24

Last energy source: mobilization of FFA
Cannot use creatinine

Front 25

When exercising you activate sympathetic nervous system which releases

Back 25

Norepinephrine

Front 26

What's the Cori cycle?

Back 26

liver sends glucose to muscle
muscle turns glucose to lactate and sends it back to liver to make glucose

Front 27

What's the Felig cycle?

Back 27

Liver sends glucose to muscle
Muscle turns glucose into alanine and sends it back to liver to make glucose

Front 28

Insulin dependent diabetes is diatebetes type

Back 28

Diabetes type I

Front 29

When you have diabetes type I what happens to your glucagon?

Back 29

Glucagon INCREASES, because your cells are hungry!

Front 30

When you have diabetes type I, what happens to lipogenesis?

Back 30

Lipogenesis DECREASES because you don't have the glucose necessary to make fats, start making ketone bodies.

Front 31

Do ppl with diabetes have a lot or a little fat in blood?

Back 31

A lot. Hyperlipemia

Front 32

Why do people with diabetes have deep and rapid breathing?

Back 32

Because you have increase fatty breakdown you also have increased ketogenesis and ketoacidosis, breathe rapidly to try to compensate. (lower CO2 by breathing in, pushes equation to the right)

Front 33

Why do diabetic patients have a loss of K+, what does this cause?

Back 33

They have a loss of K+ due to protein breakdown.
Causes increased urinary excretion and enhancing fluid loss, dehydration and hypotension.

Front 34

Which organ has glucose 6 phosphatse?

Back 34

Liver. Can turn glucose 6-P into glucose and export it.

Front 35

What does not have glucose 6 phosphatase? What does it do?

Back 35

Muscle does NOT. Consumes its own glucose.
RELEASES LACTATE

Front 36

What 3 things have the SAME effect on insulin and glucagon?

Back 36

The following ACTIVATE the release of insulin and glucagon
1. a.a.
2. GI hormones
3. parasympathetic

Front 37

What does alpha adrenergic stimuli do to insulin?

Back 37

INHIBIT its release

Front 38

Right and left crus of the penis join to form the

Back 38

corpus cavernosum

Front 39

Pudendal nerve gives rise to 3 nerves, what are they?

Back 39

1. Inferior rectal nerve
2. dorsal nerve of the penis/clitoris
3. Perineal nerve: some will be in deep pouch, and some in superficial

Front 40

What type of fascia is found in the scrotum? Muscle?

Back 40

1. Superficial Colle's fascia
2. Darto's muscle

Front 41

The bulb of the penis continues on as

Back 41

Corpus spongiosum, which then bcomes the glans penis

Front 42

If removing the prostate you can use 2 approaches: suprapubic through urethra, or through perineal body. Which one do guys cringe at?

Back 42

Crine at idea of going through perineal body. Easy to damage parasympathetics which would cause impotence

Front 43

What is the female equivalent of the pubopostratic ligament?

Back 43

the pubovesicular ligament

It tightly anchors the bladder to pubic bone

Front 44

The uterine artery and the ovarian artery anastamose, where do they come from?

Back 44

Ovarian artery: directly from aorta
Uterine artery: internal iliac

Front 45

Where are the vestibular bulbs found?

Back 45

WITHIN the bulbosongiosus muscle

Front 46

The labia minora join to form .... that covers ....

Back 46

The labia minora join to form the PREPUCE it covers the clitoris.

Front 47

Vaginal artery is a branch off of.... or ....

Back 47

varinal artery
1. branches directly from internal iliac OR
2. From uterine artery

Front 48

The intermediate column becomes the .... which consists of .... and ...... What do they look like in drawing?

Back 48

Intermediate column becomes urogenital ridge.
Urogenital ridge consistsw of genital ridge and nephrogenic ridge.

Genital ridge is most medial! Closest to gut.

Front 49

HOw does urogenital ridge form?

Back 49

By bulging of intermediate mesoderm into the coelomic cavity.

Front 50

Everything in the kidney comes from

Back 50

EVERYTHING IN THE KIDNEY COMES FROM MESODERM.

Front 51

What are the 3 kidneys that develop? What happens to each one?

Back 51

1. Pronephros: disappears
2. Mesonephros: first functioning kidney disappears later
3. Metanephros: bcomes permanent kidney

Front 52

What is the mesonephric duct known as?

Back 52

Mesonephric duct = Wolffian duct

Front 53

What does the mesonephric duct (Wolffian duct) do during the first 4 wks?

Back 53

First 4 wks the male/female primordia are indifferent.

The mesonephric duct (Wolffian duct) connects the mesonephric tubules with the HINGUT CLOACA.

-> Acts as TEMPORARY ureter

Front 54

Where is the ureteric bud found? What does it become?

Back 54

Ureteric bud is found on mesonephric duct (Wolffian duct). (It buds off of it)

Ureteric bud becomes the ureters, renal pelvis, calyces, collecting tubules.
(Metanephric mesoderm gives rise to nephrons)

Front 55

What main thing happens during weeks 5-8?

Back 55

From week 5-8 you have the formation of SEXUALLY INDIFFERENT gonads.

Front 56

What 4 events mark developmental period of week 5-8 with regards to kidneys and gonads?

Back 56

1. kidneys move from pelvis to posterior abdominal wall
2. cloaca becomes rectum and urogenital sinus (divided by urorectal septum)
3. Paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts invaginate: form uterovaginal primordium
4. Genital tubercle of somatopleure develops.

Front 57

After partitioning of cloaca what does the cloacal membrane become?

Back 57

UG and anal membranes

Front 58

At the indifferent stage: week 8, what do all embryos have?

Back 58

ALL EMBRYOS HAVE:
-mesonephros: HUGE
-metanephros
-genital tubercle
-labioscrotal folds
-mesonephric duct (Wolffian)
-paramesonephric duct (Mullerian)
-UG sinus

Front 59

What is the urachus?

Back 59

It is a permanent fibrous cord, degenerated fibrous cord

Front 60

If allantois persisted, what would happen?

Back 60

Pee out of belly button

Front 61

If Yolk sac persists what would happen?

Back 61

Poop out of belly button

Front 62

What do the EPITHELIAL primary sex cords become in men? women?

Back 62

Men: seminiferous tubules
Women: Rete ovarii

Front 63

What do the EPITHELIAL secondary sex cords become in women?

Back 63

Ovarian follicles

Front 64

What does the gubernaculum become in men? women?

Back 64

Men: Gubernaculum testis
Women: Ovarian ligament and round ligament of the uterus

Front 65

What part of the primary gonad becomes the testis?

Back 65

The medulla

Front 66

What part of the primary gonad becomes the ovary?

Back 66

The cortex

Front 67

What does the mesonephric duct become in males?

Back 67

Ductus vas deferens and epididymus

Front 68

What does the paramesonephric duct (Mullerian) become in females?

Back 68

Uterine tubes, uterus, upper part of the vagina

Front 69

Where is the lower part of ve vagina derived from?

Back 69

The endoderm of the UG sinus

Front 70

The penile urethra comes from

Back 70

TWO SOURCES
1. ventral fusion of phallic part of UG sinus
2. Epithelial invagination of the penis

Front 71

What leads to hypospaidus

Back 71

Failure of UG folds to fuse

Front 72

In females what does the lower UG sinus become?

Back 72

Urethra
vestibule
greater vestibular glands

Front 73

In the male what does the lower UG sinus become?

Back 73

prostate gland, prostatic urethra, penile urethra

Front 74

via what do vessels and nerves enter the ovary?

Back 74

Via the Mesovarium

Front 75

Histologically, what are the 4 parts of the ovary

Back 75

1. Mesothelium "germinal epithelium" even though germ cells come from foregut
2. Tunica albuginea: dense CT capsule
3. Cortex, where follicles are found
4. Medulla, where rete ovarii (primary sex cords are found)

Front 76

Primordial follicle (histo)

Back 76

Singla layer of SQUAMOUS follicular cells on basal lamina

Front 77

Primary follicle (histo)

Back 77

Stratum granulosum
Zona pellucida
Theca cells

Front 78

Secondary follicle (histo)

Back 78

ANTRUM
Zola pellucida
Theca interna: VERY VASCULAR
Theca externa

Front 79

Mature Graafian follicle

Back 79

Appearance of
Cumulus oophorus
Corona radiata

Front 80

Oocyte arrests meiosis at several points... what are the 4 steps?

Back 80

1. Bfore birth: prophase I
2. Mature follicle: meiosis I ends, yields secondary oocyte and polar body
3. Before ovulation: meiosis II, stops ate Metaphase II
4. Fertilization: complete meiosis

Front 81

Rapid Estrogen increase, + feedback, LH peak, OVULATION. What is released?

Back 81

Secondary oocyte, 1st polar body, corona radiata, cumulus oophorus

Front 82

What does the corpus luteum look like? What are the cells? (histo)

Back 82

Corpus luteum looks like a flattened tire with hole in the middle (can have blood).

Granulosa lutein cells: most of them
Theca lutein cells: much smaller, in the creases of the "tire"

Front 83

What is the corpus albicans? What does it look like (histo)?

Back 83

Corpus albicans is a dead corpus luteum.

Looks like mooshed up bubble gum

Front 84

What are the segments of the fallopian tube called?

Back 84

Infundibulum: will look very messy in histo
Ampulla
Isthmus
Intramural segment (in uterine wall)

Front 85

The uterine tubes, uterus, cervix and vagina have

Back 85

NO SUBMUCOSA

Front 86

Menstrual cycle: (endometrium)

Back 86

Proliferative
Secretory: gland are super coiled and look like little worms in response to progesterone
Menstrual

Front 87

Mammary gland cycle:

Back 87

Inactive
Proliferative
Lactating

Front 88

What are the layers of the uterus (histo)

Back 88

1. Endometrium: Stratum functionale (sloughed off), stratum basale (remains)
2. Myometrium (= muscularis)
-Thick muscular layer (3 layers)

Front 89

What causes the stratum functionale to get sloughed off?

Back 89

Spiral arteries in stratum basale constrict.

Front 90

What does Gravid cycle mean?

Back 90

PREGNANT

Front 91

Describe the glands of the Uterus, cervix and vagina.

Back 91

Uterus: Simple tubular glands
Cervix: extensively branched cervical glands
Vagina: HAS NO GLANDS

Front 92

Describe mess of hormones that happens during menstrual cycle

Back 92

Hypothalamus, GnRH in pulsatile fashion, AP, FSH, follicle dev, estrogen, estrogen tipping point switches to + feedback, LH surge, ovulation, corpus luteum, release of progesterone and estrogen, - feedback, death (or maintenance by HCG from pregnancy)

Front 93

What can the placenta secrete?

Back 93

HCG
Estrogens
Progesteron
Renin
Human Placental Lactogen (HPL)

Front 94

What's found in the umbilical chord (arteries, vein, etc)

Back 94

- 2 arteries
- 1 vein
- allantois
- yolk sac

Front 95

Does vagina have an advenitita or a serosa? The uterus?

Back 95

Vagina: retroperitoneal so adventitia
Uterus: peritonealized so serosa

Front 96

What does glycogen in the vagina do (2)?

Back 96

-favorable environment for sperm
- lower pH to 4: kills bacteria

Front 97

What doe estrogen do with regards to breasts?

Back 97

Promotes DUCT GROWTH

Front 98

What does progesterone do with regards to breasts?

Back 98

Promotes growth of secretory end pieces

Front 99

What happens if you release GnRH constantly?

Back 99

Sexual castration!
NEED PULSATILE release in order for normal function

Front 100

What is the normal release of GnRH like?

Back 100

Pulsatile and diurnal

Front 101

Estrogen by definition

Back 101

any substance that produces cornification of the vaginal epithelium

Front 102

What cells do you need for the release of estrogen?

Back 102

Need BOTH theca and granulosa cell.

Front 103

Biochem: how do you get estrogen release

Back 103

IN THECA CELL
LH stimulates cholesterol to get turned into pregnenolone.
Pregnenolone goes to progesterone and 17 ALPHA HYDROXYLASE turns it into androgen.

GRANULOSA cell
FSH stimulates AROMATASE to convert androgen into estrogen

Front 104

FSH stimulates granulosa cells which secrete (3), what are their effects?

Back 104

1. Estrogen: negative feedback most of the time
2. Inhibin: Inhibits FSH release
3. Follistatin: stimulates FSH release

Front 105

What does estrogen do to muscle?

Back 105

EXCITES it!

Estrogen = EXCITES

Front 106

What does estrogen do to motility of fallopian tubes?

Back 106

Excites!

Front 107

What does estrogen do to secretion of cervical glands

Back 107

Excites! Increases watery mucus

Front 108

Is estrogen of progesterone responsible for increasing body temperature?

Back 108

Progesterone