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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Explain the effects of nerve compression
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1. Occludes blood vessels
2. Arterial blood slows and stops because of pressure in vessels 3. Ischemia - hypoxia locally |
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What happens when remove nerve compression?
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Re-perfusion injury when circulation re-esatblished. Flush out metabolites. Free radicals generated --> INFLAMMATION
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What is the effect of nerve compression on myelin?
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Segmental demyleination due to damaged perineurium -
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What is polio?
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Virus that causes inflammation of the central nervous system especially the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord and the brainstem - can lead to parestheisa and paralysis
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What is leprosy?
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Progressing bacterial infection which affects the skin and peripheral nerves in hands and feet. Causes loss of sensation and fingers and toes become mutilated and fall off
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Effects of brief periods of nerve compression?
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Focal demyelination --> conduction block
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Effects of severe nerve compression?
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Causes axonal interruption leading to Wallerian degeneration of the axon
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What is Wallerian degeneration?
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Results when an axon is cut or crushed, in which part of the axon separated from the neuron's cell body degenerates distal to the injury.
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Effects of local nerve compression?
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Small vessel occlusion - ishaemia
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What are autonomic neuropathies?
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Disease of nerves affecting internal organs
Severe burning pain (causalgia) |
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How would you define strength?
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Ability to generate sufficient tension in a muscle for the purpose of posture and movement
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How would you define weakness?
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Inability to generate normal levels of force
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What is paralysis?
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Total loss of muscle activity
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What is paraplegia?
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Severe loss of motor activity
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What is Paraparesis?
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Mild or partial loss of muscle activity
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What is quadriplegia?
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Paralysis of all four limbs
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What is paraplegia?
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Paralysis of two lower limbs
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What is hemiplegia?
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Paralysis of one side of the body. includes the upper limb. one side of the trunk and the upper limb
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What is hemiparesis?
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Weakness of one side of the body
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What is anaesthesia?
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loss of bodily sensation
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What is paraesthesia?
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Abnormal skin sensations - pins and needles
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What happens if the corticospinal tract axons are cut?
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The lower motor neuron has no voluntary stimuli from the cortex but still have reflexes from the Golgi tendon organs and intrafusal fibres
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How does an upper motor neuron affect reflexes?
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Decreases level of dampening on the lower motor neuron - INCREASED spinal reflexes
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Definition of flaccid?
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Complete loss of muscle tone
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Definition of Hypotonia?
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A reduction in the stiffness of a muscle to lengthening
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What is spasticity?
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Increase in tonic-stretch reflexes (muscle tone) with exaggerated tendon jerks, resulting from hyper excitability of the stretch reflex
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What is rigidity?
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Heightened resistance to passive movement of the limb
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What is lead pipe rigidity?
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constant resistance to movement throughout the entire range of movement
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What is Cogwheel rigidity?
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characterised by alternating episodes of resistance and relaxation as the extremity is passively moved through range of motion
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Name the main upper motor neuron lesion symptoms
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1. increased muscle tone
2. Increased spasticity 3. Hyperactivity of deep tendon reflexes 4. Paresis or plegia of specific movements 5. Spastic paralysis |
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Name the main lower motor neuron lesion symptoms
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1. Loss of muscle tone
2. Hypotonia 3. Hyporeflexia or areflexia 4. paresis or plegia of individual muscles 5. Flaccid paralysis |
