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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When was TB discovered? By Who? |
March 24, 1882 by Robet Koch |
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What Ig binds allergies? How does desensitization work? |
IgE Desensitization injects IGG which binds instead blocking IgE |
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Possible reason for autoimmune disease? |
Error in clonal deletion |
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Who discovered cells? |
Robert Hooke |
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Animalcules |
Leuwenhook |
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Microscope |
Leuwenhook |
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Meat in jar |
Redi |
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Nutrient broth instead of meat |
John Needham |
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Heating nutrients in sealed flask prevents growth |
Spallanzani |
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Argued Oxygen is missing |
Lavoisier |
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What was the first vaccine? Who developed/discovered it? |
Cowpox scraping prevent smallpox Edward Jenner |
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S-Shaped flask |
Louis Pasteur |
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What is aseptic technique? |
Prevent microbial contamination S-shaped flask |
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What did Pasteur prove? |
Microbes cannot originate form mystical forces |
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Germ theory of disease was proposed by several. Who are they and what are their examples? |
1. Bassi and Pasteur-Silkworm disease by fungi 2. Joseph Lister-Medical procedures go better when treating wounds with phenol 3. Robert Koch- TB, Cholera, Anthrax |
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What were Koch's findings? |
Microbes are the infectious agent the produce disease. The causative agents of TB, Cholera, Anthrax |
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What are the Koch postulates? |
1. Same pathogen in every case 2. Pathogen must be isolated for host and grown in culture. 3. Pathogen from culture must cause disease if injected into healthy host 4. Pathogen must be isolated from inoculated host and shown to be original organism |
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Chemotherapy |
Chemicals to treat disease |
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Antibiotics |
Substance used to treat infection |
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Discovered salvarsan could treat syphilis |
Paul Ehrlich |
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What was the first antibiotic? Who discovered it? When? How? |
Penicillin Alexander Fleming 1928 By accident |
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Types of microbes that cause disease and example |
1. Bacteria-E. Coli 2. Fungi-Pnemocystis jiroveci 3. Protozoa-Entamoeba histolytica 4. Virus-HIV 5. Multicellular-helminths(roundworms) |
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Carriers |
latent disease |
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Zoonoses |
Transmitted to humans from animals |
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Sources of infection |
1. Humans 2. Animals 3. Nonliving |
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fomites |
objects capable of spreading disease |
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Transmission mthods |
1. direct 2. indirect 3. droplets |
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What are Vectors? What methods? |
1. Transmit disease 2. -Mechanical transmission-feces on fly feet -Biological-tick bite |
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What is a nosocomial infection? |
infection acquired as a result of hospital stay |
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What class of antibodies helps to protect the mucosal surfaces of the respiratory system? |
IgA |
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What are the symptoms of TB? |
Weakness Weight loss Fever Night sweats Coughing Chest pain Bloddy Sputum |
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How is TB transmitted? |
Aerosol-cough, sneeze, speak, sing Usually living with people |
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What is Latent TB? |
-TB in body with no symptoms -Cannot spread -May develop months or years later -Prophylaxis adminsitered |
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What is active TB? |
-Obvious symptoms -TB is replicating and destroying tissue -Capable of spreading to other -Treatment needed immediately |
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How to diagnose TB? |
1. PPD, TST-skin test 2. Blood test 3. Sputum -grow culture -acid fast staining -drug susceptibility
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What is the treatment for latent TB? |
3-9 months isoniazid prophylaxis |
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What is the treatment for activeTB? |
6-12 months-isoniazid(INH), rifampin(RIF), pyrazinamine, ethambutal |
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Biggest issue with TB treatment? What is a solution? |
Patient compliance Direct Observation Therapy |
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TB Etiology? |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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TB Pathogensys? |
1. Mycolic acid creates inflammation activating macrophages TB cell is ingested by macrophage but survives (infected, but no symptoms) 2. Macrophages enter alveoli via chemotaxis and serve as incubators for TB cells to form an early tubercle (inflammation, but still no symptoms) 3. Some macrophages die and release TB cells forming a caseous center (symptoms begin to appear) 4. Caseous center develops into an air-filled cavity in a process called liquefaction 5. Tubercle ruptures and TB cells are disseminated throughout lungs, circulatory and lymphatic systems |
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What is liquefaction? |
Becoming liquid and then Release of TB bacilli into lung |
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What do Mycolic acids do? |
Stimulate inflamation |
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What is a tubercle? |
A walled off lesion |
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What is a second line TB drug? |
fluroquinolone |
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How do normal microbiota suppress the growth of potential pathogens? |
1) Compete with them fro nutrients 2) Produce inhibitory substances |
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Three types of TB |
1) Mycobaterium tuberculosis 2) M. bovis-Eator drink unpasteurized dairy 3) M. Avian-Intracellularae-SHower |
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Mechanisms for resistance to antibiotics? |
1) Inhibit influx 2) Enzymatic Inactivation 3) Alter target site 4) Increase efflux 5) Resistance genes on plasmids transferred between cells |
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1) MDR 2) XDR 3) TDR |
1) MDR: resistance to first-line drugs INH and RIF 2) XDR: resistance to second-line drugs such as fluoroquinolone 3) TDR: total drug resistance |
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What is disseminated/military TB? |
Blood vessels erode and rupture casing fatal hemorhagging |
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Characteristics of viruses |
Small Acellular Obligate Intracellular Parasites DNA or RNA Capsid Some are enveloped |
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Characteristics of Protozoa |
Eukaryotic Amoeba Paramecium Pseudopods, cilia, flagella Entameoba histolytica |
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Characteristics of Fungi |
Eukaryotes -Unicellular-yeast -Multicellular-Mold, mushrooms Chitin cell wall Pnemocystis jiroveci |
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Characteristics of Bacteria |
Prokaryotes Single-celled Many shaped Divide by binary fission Peptidoglycan cell wall -E.Coli -Staphylococcus aureus
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Pathogenic |
Disease producing |
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Microbe |
Tiny living things |
