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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some social psychology research questions? |
1) How are people influenced by the presence of others? 2) how do people explain the behaviours of others? 3) how do people make sense of their own behaviour? |
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What was the first social psych experiment and when was it done? |
In the late 1800s. Involved asking men to wind up a fishing wheel by themselves and then in a group. When in a group, they performed better. |
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Define Attribution Theory |
It's how people arrive at judgements about why other people behave they way they do. They generally consider two factors -- the situation, and people's personality traits ie did those people act that way because of who they are or the situation they are in? |
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What's the difference between social psychology, sociology, and personality psychology? |
social psych: studies how social situations impact individuals. personality psych: studies how differences between individuals influences their thoughts/feelings/behaviours. sociology: studies the behaviour of social groups. the goal is the same as social psych (to explain and predict behaviour) but it focuses on a macro level. |
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Milgram's Prison Study - 1) What was the initial goal of the study, and what was the historical context? What ended up happening? 2) How many people did psychiatrists predict would go all the way to the end of the study ie, potentially kill someone by following orders? What was the actual number? 3)At what point would participants stop, if they were going to? |
1) Milgram wanted to see if Americans were as obedient as Germans, assuming that the Nazi regime was so successful in WW2 because Germans were just more obedient. Milgram didn't get to the German half of the study because the American part was so striking. 2) Predicted less than 1% would go all the way, but actually 62.5% did; 3) They would stop when the learner said "I don't want to be in this experiment anymore." replicated studies end experiment at this point. |
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Seminarians as Good Samaritans Study - how many helped when in a rush versus when not? |
Around 9% stopped when in a hurry, but when not in a hurry, over 60% stopped. |
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Define Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE) |
Tendency to overestimate the influence of a person's personality and underestimate the power of a situation |
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What are channel factors? |
Small changes/ influences in social situations that aren't fully recognized that have powerful behavioural influences. |
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What are construals? What are their roles? How might they fail? |
How we construe (think about and interpret) the world. It's an active process that continuously occurs in situations. Their role is to govern behaviour since how we interpret a situation decides how we act in it. They might fail because they are subjective, can be manipulated, and may misrepresent the truth. |
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Schemas |
Mental associations and frameworks that include general knowledge about the physical and social world. Without them, navigating and interpreting the world can be difficult. |
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How are culture shock and schemas related? |
Culture shock is a result of not being sure of how to interpret the social world around you; ie you don't know who to act or what certain things mean |
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What are stereotypes? When are they bad? When are they good? |
They are schemas about specific social groups. They are bad when they are applied to individuals --> group rules don't apply on micro levels; and when they are given too much influence on judgements (like when someone from a group contradicts your stereotype, it's bad if you insist on that stereotype). They are good because they can make some social interactions easier ex: with the elderly crossing the road, people know what to expect. |
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What are the two ways social information can be processed? |
Automatic (involuntary, based on emotional responses, unconscious) and Controlled (requires more cognitive thought and can be tiring, but able to override automatic responses. deliberate and conscious) |
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How is "common sense" related with schemas? What are their pros/cons? |
Common sense is a schema because they're a set of specific general rules that exist to help understand the social world; pros: useful as a guide to social situations; cons: poor predictor of other's people behaviour if they are at all different from you; often contradictory |
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How do situational factors influence suicide rates? What are some studies to prove this? |
Changing a situation to make suicide more difficult in the moment lowers suicide rates. Golden gate bridge - 515 people were stopped from jumping, only 6% killed themselves later; 1960's Britain switched from coal to gas ovens and suicide rate fell by 1/3; 1990's Australia there was a massive gun buy back so people didn't have them in their homes anymore, rates went down |
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How do situational factors influence organ donation? |
Countries who have pre-approved organ donation almost all have 100% donators, while countries with similar cultures who don't have it all have low levels of organ donators: ex netherlands is 28% while belgium is 98% |
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What's Hindsight Bias and how can it be applied to 9/11? |
Hindisight bias is when what seems unpredictable in prospect seem inevitable in retrospect. Once you hear the answer, it becomes more obvious. After 9/11, people thought it was so obvious that things should've been connected in time to prevent it happening. |
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What's the difference between a hypothesis and a theory? |
A hypothesis is a prediction about what will happen under certain circumstances. A theory is a body of related propositions intended to describe some aspect of the world. |
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What's observational research? |
Involves observing participants in social situations. It attempts to systematically observe behaviours. Typically involves additional measures like interviews and questionnaires. |
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What's archival research and what's an example of it being used? |
Involves analyzing past social behaviours through documented records. Social psychologists found that there is an "honour culture" in the southern US by studying police and FBI records that showed that more murders/assaults happened because of someone insulted someone else. |
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What are surveys and their pros and cons? |
Surveys are a set of questions that can be distributed through questionnaires or interviews. pros: can accurately represent a population with a relatively small sample size if unbiased; cons: can be biased easily, doesn't show the whole picture |
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Explain the terms convenience sampling, random sampling, and population. |
Convenience sampling: when you sample people from the population that kind of just show up or walk by, can be biased b/c it's not random Random sampling: give everyone in the population an equal chance at participating so any external variables are evenly distributed Population: the entire group you want to study |
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What's casual inference? |
When you infer the cause of something. Saying, "The effect of X is caused by Y." |
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How does correlational research differ from experimental research? |
Correlational research establishes a connection or relatability between two variables. It examines two existing variables without assigning participants to different conditions. Experimental research allows for causal inferences because conditions are controlled and manipulated by the researcher. It involves (randomly) assigning participants to different situations or conditions. |
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What's the independent variable and the dependent variable? |
Independent variable is manipulated by the researcher. On the X axis. Dependent variable is the variable that is measured (often a change in behaviour/feelings based on the manipulation of the IV). On the Y axis. |
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What's the definition and purpose of a control condition? |
A control condition is identical to the experimental condition except for the IV. Compares results with experimental condition to show that the effect of the experiment doesn't happen without manipulation of a particular variable. |
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What's the definition and purpose of random assignment? |
This is where the researcher randomly assigns participants to either the control or experimental condition. It lets researcher say the effect is due to the manipulation, not differences between the types of people used in control vs experimental condition. |
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Compare external and internal validity. |
External validity: how well experimental results can generalize to real life situations. Internal validity: how well the study results were caused by the manipulated variables. They are often inversely related -- when one goes up, the other goes down. |
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Define reliability. |
how consistently a test will give the same results. If you take the same test twice, will it give you the same results? |
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Define measurement validity. |
Does the test measure what it actually says it will measure? Ex: Do IQ tests actually measure intelligence? |
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Statistical significance |
measures the probability that a given result would have occurred anyway, without the experiment. If the probability is low, then results are considered statistically significant. |
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What's a type one error? |
When you conclude there is a relationship when there is not. |
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Compare basic and applied research within social psychology. |
Basic = gaining greater understanding, concerns how pre-known social information influence behaviours Applied = concerned with using a current understanding of a phenomenon (taking results of basic research) in order to solve a real world problem. Used to help design advertisiing campaigns and behavioural interventions. |
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What is REBS? |
University research ethics board. They examine research protocols and determine if research is ethical. |
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What is Informed consent? When can deception be used ethically? |
Informed consent is when participants should have sufficient information to make a decision about whether they want to participate. Deception can be used if justified for the experiment to get the results it needs. Debriefing is very important afterwards to explain why it was needed. |
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What is a natural experiment? |
An experiment that occurs naturally that investigator believes has causal implications for the outcome. |
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Correlation number! |
0 = no relationship; 1 = perfect relationship; -1 = inverse perfect relationship (higher the v1, lower the v2); 0.2 = slight relationship; 0.4 = moderately strong relationship; 0.6 or higher = very strong relationship. |
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What is regression to the mean and normal distribution? |
1) the tendency for extreme scores to be followed by, or to accompany, less extreme scores 2)the bell curve |
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What's a thought experiment? |
A critical thinking skill where you think through how you would test an idea |
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Balance theory? |
theory that people like their thoughts to be balanced/consistent and try hard to make it that way. |
