Lecture 1

Front 1

_________cephalon = medulla (oblongata)

Back 1

myelencephalon

Front 2

Boundaries of medulla?

Back 2

caudally: area under foramen magnum, first cervical nerve

rostrally: transverse fibers of the pons

Front 3

Medulla is a continuation of what?

Back 3

cephalic continuation of spinal cord w/ fiber tracts connecting brain and cord

Front 4

Medulla contains which cranial n?

Back 4

V through XII

Front 5

Medulla contains what?? (2)

Back 5

1. centers for control of vegetative functions (resp., HR, GI activity)

2. part of the reticular formation

Front 6

What is the reticular formation?

Where is it located?

What is it composed of?

Back 6

1. network-like structure medioventral in brainstem

2. extends from medulla up thru diencephalon

3. Cell bodies and processes; ascending, descending, transverse fibers w/ sensory and motor neurons

Front 7

What are the 3 functions of the reticular formation?

Back 7

1. descending tracts: increases or decreases activity of gamma motor neurons controlling muscle spindle sensitivity and thus skeletal muscle tone

2. Contains neurons of the ANS centers (resp. center, cardio center, etc.)

3. Ascending tracts: involved in control of arousal and sleep

Front 8

What spaces are assoc. w/ the medulla?

Back 8

caudal part of the 4th ventricle

lateral apertures

Front 9

_______encephalon = midbrain

Back 9

mesencephalon

Front 10

What are the names of the portions of the midbrain??

Back 10

dorsal portion = tectum

middle portion = tegmentum

ventral portion

Front 11

Where is the corpora quadrigemina found? What is it?

Back 11

Tectum of the midbrain

2 large pair of large nuclei:

1. Rostral colliculi--involved in visual function

2. Caudal colliculi--involved in auditory function

Front 12

What is found in the tegmentum of the midbrain? (5, 1 of which is a space)

Back 12

1. nuclei of cranial nerve III, IV, part of V

2. Reticular formation (primary structure)

3. fiber tracts interconnecting higher brain centers and spinal cord

4. central canal = cerebral aqueduct; periaqueductal grey matter

5. Red nucleus

Front 13

What is the red nucleus?

Back 13

motor center for dog and cat (don't need telencephalon)

Front 14

The ventral portion of the midbrain contains? (2)

Back 14

Crus cerebri (basis pedunculi): dexcending fibers for motor control from cerebrum

Substantia nigra: nucleus of pigmenta cells assoc. w/ muscle movement

Front 15

Crus cerebri defined as?

Back 15

1. tegmentum

2. substantia nigra

3. crus cerebri

Front 16

The diencephalon is composed of?

Back 16

1. Thalamus

2. Hypothalamus

3. epithalamus

Front 17

The thalamus is made up of?

What is its purpose?

Back 17

large mass of grey-matter (paired football structures joined medially by massa intermedia)

sensory and integrative relays; primarily related to functioning of cerebral cortex and other parts of forebrain

Front 18

All sensory except olfaction relays through the __________________

Back 18

thalamic nuclei

Front 19

What is the hyppothalamus? What does it include?

Back 19

small mass of grey matter

-infundibulum, neurohypophysis, tuber cinereum, mammillary bodies, hypothalamic nuclei

Front 20

The hypothalamus directs what?

Back 20

function of endocrine system via the pituitary gland, appetitie and body eight, water balance/thirst, sexual performance/behavior, body temp., blood pressure regulation, sleep0wake cycle, emotions, centers for ANS activity

Front 21

Hypothalamus has direct physiological control over....

Back 21

the ANS and pituitary gland

Front 22

Hypothalamus interconnects with (5)

Back 22

cerebral hemispheres

limbic system

reticular formation

olfactory system

visual system

Front 23

What is the epithalamus composed of?

Back 23

pineal gland (epiphysis)

Front 24

The pineal gland is responsible for (2)

Back 24

1. circadian rhythms

2. light and preproductive cycles

Front 25

If you remove everything above the midbrain, what can an animal do?

Back 25

walk, vocalize, eat, sleep, live long period, primitive types of learning

Front 26

__________encephalon = cerebral hemispheres

Back 26

telencephalon

Front 27

What are the evolutionary levels of the cerebral cortex and what do they become?

Back 27

1) archicortex--hippocampus

2) paleocortex--primitive olfactory lobe

3) neocortex--cerebral cortex

Front 28

What are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex?

Back 28

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

Front 29

What are the 3 components of the cerebral hemispheres?

Back 29

cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, limbic system

Front 30

the cerebral cortex is functionally divided into....

Back 30

sensory, motor, association areas

Front 31

Cerebral cortex: motor areas mostly related to ______________

Back 31

the pyramidal motor system

Front 32

cerebral cortex: association areas have secondary _____________ and _____________ areas

Back 32

sensory and motor

Front 33

The cerebral cortex operas in close association with the ______________

Back 33

thalamus; anatomically and functionally an outgrowth of the thalamus (if part is destroyed, corresponding part of cerebral cortex will atrophy)

Front 34

Where are the basal nuclei found?

Back 34

subcortical (central) region of the cerebral hemispheres

Front 35

Basal nuclei: major nuclei consist of....?

Also called?

Back 35

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

also called corpus striatum

Front 36

Basal nuclei: the putamen and globus pallidus together are called the _______________.

Back 36

lenticular nucleus

Front 37

What is the function of the basal nuclei

Back 37

control of movement, particularly prehnsion of fod, chewing, swallowing, eye and head movements, walking

does NOT initiate voluntary movement

Front 38

Basal nuclei associated with....

Back 38

extra-pyramidal motor system

Front 39

Yellow Star Thistal destroys what?

Back 39

basal ganglia

Front 40

The limbic system is interconnected with... to do what?

Back 40

(itself; it's a groups of structures)

hypothalamus

olfactory system

functions to regulate emotional behavior and sense of smell

Front 41

Major structures of the limbic system are? (4)

Back 41

amygdala, hippocampus, pyriform lob, septal area, anterior nucleus of the thalamus

Front 42

Limbic system also referred to as....

Back 42

rhinencephalon "smell brain"

Front 43

What are the surface features of the cerebellum

Back 43

folia, lobules, vermis

Front 44

how many cerebellar nuclei are there?

Back 44

3 pairs in the base

Front 45

3 peduncles of the cerebellum:

name? attach to what? fibers from where to where?

Back 45

caudal peduncles = restiform body

-attaches to medulla

-afferent fibers from spinal cord

middle peduncles = brachium pontis

-attaches to pons

-afferent fibers from cerebral cortex and pons

rostral peduncles = brachium conjunctivum

-attaches to midbrain

-primary efferent fibers from cerebellum to red nucleus and thalamus

Front 46

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Back 46

coordinates movement by feedback mechanisms; recveives sensory info from vestibular, auditory, visual, proprioceptive systems; sends fibers to thalamus, reticular formation, brain stem and spinal cord