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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was first used to inoculate against viral infection in the 11th century? |
smallpox scabs |
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What labor force was immune to smallpox in the 18th century? |
Milkmaids who had earlier acquired cowpox |
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Vacca is latin for_____ |
Cow |
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Who was the first microbiologist?
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Leeuwenhoek
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Who first proved the "Germ Theory" |
Louis Pasteur |
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Virus is Latin for _____ |
Poison |
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What are Koch's four postulates? |
i. Theagentmustbepresentineverycaseofthedisease. ii. Theagentmustbeisolatedfromthehostandgrowninvitro. iii. Thediseasemustbereproducedwhenapurecultureoftheagentisinoculatedintoahealthysusceptiblehost. iv. Thesameagentmustberecoveredonceagainfromtheexperimentallyinfectedhost. |
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What is the first property of a virus? |
It must be smaller than bacteria |
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What is the second property of a virus? |
It can replicate |
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What is the third property of a virus? |
Viruses are particles |
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Who discovered that RNA is the genetic material? |
Conrat and WIlliams |
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Who discovered bacteria phages? |
Twort and d'Herelle |
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How does a plaque assay work? |
Bacterial cells are grown on agar with a dilution of virus. Where the virus is present and replicates, it kills the cells leaving behind plaques on the agar |
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What is the latent period? |
The time before the first plaque is observed |
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What is the Eclipse period? |
The time required for the virus to reach the cell |
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Who proved that DNA is the genetic material? |
Hershey-Chase |
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How was it proved that DNA is the genetic material? |
Protein in the viral capsid was labeled with radioactive sulfur and DNA with radioactive phosphorous. After blending and centrifugation, only the radioactive DNA remained in the cells. |
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Who proved DNA replication is semiconservative?
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Meselson-Stahl
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How was it proved that DNA is semi-conservative? |
Bacterial cells were grown for several generations in a medium containing a heavy isotope of Nitrogen. At various times thereafter, sample were analyzed to determine the composition of the DNA. It was found that DNA was comprised of all light isotopes, light/heavy isotopes, and all heavy isotopes.
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Who proved the one gene-one mRNA-one protein hypothesis? |
Brener-Jacobs-Stahl |
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How was the one gene-one mRNA-one protein hypothesis proved? |
Bacteria were grown with isotopes to produce "heavy ribosomes." Bacteria are transfected with virus that degrades bacterial DNA and replaces it with viral DNA. Bacterial cells are analyzed to see if old ribosomes are used or if only new "light" ribosomes are used. Centrifuged fractions contained "heavy ribosomes." |
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Who isolated the first animal virus (foot-and-mouth disease virus) |
Loeffler-Frosch |
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Who discovered the first human virus (yellow fever)? |
Reed |
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Who discovered that viruses can cure cancer (sarcoma virus)? |
Rous |
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Who was the first person to culture poliovirus in human cell culture? |
Enders |
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Who was the first person to grow cells in culture without a host? |
Earle |
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Who established the first human cell line (HeLa) |
Gey |
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Who developed the first culture medium? |
Eagle-Dulbecco |
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What is the cytopathic effect (CPE)? |
Structural changes in host cells that are caused by viral invasion |
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What is syncytia formation (Syncytium)? |
Multinucleated cells which form as a result of viral infection? |
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What does an endpoint dilution assay quantify? |
The amount of virus required to kill 50% of an infected host |
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Define Multiplicity of Infection (MOI) |
MOI is the ratio of infectious agents to infection targets |
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What is a Hemmagglutination Assay? |
A measurement of viral particles where viral protein cause RBC to clump together producing a red well. If no viral protein is present the well just contains a red dot. |
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What is an ELISA Assay? |
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, used to determine the concentration of a protein. A capture antibody, fixed to the bottom of a well, binds a target protein. Secondary labeling with a secondary fluorescent antibody is used to quantify target protein levels. |
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Define Virion |
A complete virus particle that exists outside of the cell. |
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Define Viremia |
Viruses that are present in the blood and hence have access to the rest of the body. |
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Define Virulence |
The degree of pathogenicity of an organism: the relative ability of a pathogen to cause disease. |
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