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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a frame? |
A central organizing principle which provides meaning for issues or events. |
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What is the framing process? |
Selecting some facets of events or issues and highlighting connections between them to promote a particular interpretation, evaluation, and solution. |
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What is the conflict of law and order vs. the injustice frame? |
There is always competition that occurs between both frames all the time. |
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What are the two kinds of frames in the contest over frames? |
Ideological frames and News frames |
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What are ideological frames? |
This is the frame that a group of political actors will try to promote; it is their interpretation. |
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What are news frames? |
These are frames adopted by the media when they transform political events into news. |
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What is Garrison's example of the changing frames of nuclear energy? |
In the 1950s, nuclear energy had a dominant frame, which meant that it had no competitors and everyone generally supported it. In the 1970s, anti-nuclear power movements began and became the competing frame, taking away the favourable dominant frame that nuclear power once had. |
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What is the danger of having a dominant frame? |
These frames can often make viewers believe false assumptions about reality, which can lead to great mistakes and faults. |
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What is an example of a dominant frame being dangerous? |
During WWII, the Japanese were depicted as weak to american audiences so that the american public would not fear Japan. So when the radio broadcasted that the Japanese were going to attack Pearl Harbour many people thought that the broadcast was a mistake and didn't take the necessary precautions, and as a result many members of the navy died. |
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Where does the power of dominant frames come from? |
From being invisible. |
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There is a direct connection between the level of elite consensus and the extent to which the situation is presented with dominant frames or competing frames. What is this connection? |
As consensus breaks down, and elites are more willing to say no, then it will become a controversial issue and the dominant frame becomes a competing frame. |
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What are some examples of competing frames in Israel? |
Future of territories, place of religion in Israel, and Pro-Democracy vs. Anti-Democracy |
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Journalists attempt to find a narrative fit between what two things? |
Existing frames and accessible information and events. |
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What two things matter when constructing media frames? |
Expectations and events |
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Some events have clear interpretative direction and provide advantages to particular groups. However... |
not all events have a clear direction |
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What are the three questions that we ask when constructing a frame? |
(1) What do we know about this conflict/type of conflict? (2) What is the most newsworthy part of this conflict? (3) Who are the "good guys"? |
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What are the five components of an ideological frame? |
(1) Metaphors (2) Historical Examples (3) Catch-phrases (4) Visual Images (5) Appeals to principles/moral anchors for the story |
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What does spin mean? |
A biased interpretation concerning relevant events or people, designed to promote a position to the public. |
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Why does the term "spin" have negative connotations? |
Because it usually means that someone is trying to be manipulative. |
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What are the four differences between spin and frames? |
(1) Spin is more specific, while frames are broad (2) Spin is normally used to defend oneself (3) Spin has negative connotations (4) There are ethical issues associated with spin |
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In the vast majority of cases, "spin" does not work. What are the three reasons for this? |
(1) You cannot always convince people that someone is not immoral (2) It is very hard to manipulate people into believing something when they believe the opposite so strongly (3) Even if there are people who want to believe your spin, there will always be more people who won't believe you |
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There is a great exaggeration about the power of spin. (this is just a statement, there is no back side of this card) |
blank |
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What are two limits and obstacles to the success of spin? |
(1) a cynical press (2) Ideologically polarised elite and population |
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What is the myth of hasbara? |
If only Israel would put more effort into public relations, the country's media image would improve and this would have an impact on world opinion. |
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The PMP principle suggests that this assumption is wrong. What is the PMP cycle used to prove that this assumption is wrong? |
International hostility leads to hostility of the international media leads to greater international hostility. |
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One myth related to the myth of hasbara is that it is "critical to convince the mass publics in these countries that Israel is right and the Palestinians are wrong". Why is this statement wrong? |
Because most people outside of the middle east don't care about the Arab-Israeli conflict, so convincing them that Israel is better will not do much for Israel's image. It is better to target political elites, because they can make a difference. |
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One myth related to the myth of hasbara is that "selling a country is like selling toothpaste - all we need is the right gimmick". Why is this statement wrong? |
Because if someone already has an opinion about the Arab-Israeli conflict nation branding is not going to change their minds. |
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One myth related to the myth of hasbara is that "Palestinians are much better at public relations than Israelis". Why is this statement wrong? |
There is no comparison between the informational capabilities of a modern, western country like Israel to Palestinian countries; the advantage that the Palestinians have is that everyone has already taken their side. |
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Every news medium constructs stories that are... |
professionally useful and culturally acceptable |
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The contest over frames provides a very helpful tool for... |
understanding which antagonists are more likely to succeed in their attempts to have their ideological frames adopted by the media. |
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Political factors are generally more important than public relations in understanding... |
how these contests play out. |
