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17 Cards in this Set

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Nutrition: What is it? What is a nutrient?

Nutrition is the science of how living organisms obtain and use food to support all processes required for existence.

A nutrient is a substance in food used by the body for energy, maintenance of body structures, or regulation of chemical processes.

Non-essential Nutrient: What is it?

It is something your body needs, but it can produce physiologically needed amounts on its own.

Essential Nutrient: What is it? Where can it be obtained?

It is something your body cannot make in required amounts, but your body still needs it. It has to be obtained from the diet.

Conditionally Essential Nutrient: What is it?

It is a nutrient originally non-essential (body can make it), but it becomes an essential one due to certain circumstances (disease, etc.).

Categories of Nutrients: What are they?

They include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, water, vitamins, and minerals.

Macronutrient: What is it?

It is a nutrient meant to be consumed in bulk (>1 gram a day). They include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and water.

Micronutrient: What is it?

It is a nutrient meant to be consumed in relatively small amounts (<1 gram a day). They include minerals and vitamins.

Phytochemicals: What are they? What are some examples?

They are organic chemicals produced by plants that may be thought to benefit human health beyond the basic nutritional needs (such as preventing a disease), but they are not essential.


Examples include anthocyanins (purple fruit), theaflavin (black tea), limonene (citrus fruits), and theobromine (cocoa, chocolate).

Zoonutrients: What are they? What are examples?

They are non-essential compounds found in animals. They include lipids in fish and dairy and larval jelly of honeybees.

Functional Foods: What are they?

They are foods that function beyond basic nutrition needs by having enhanced nutrients, phytochemicals, or zoonutrients.

Calorie: What is it? How much energy per gram does a protein give? Carbohydrate? Lipid? Alcohol? What is a bomb calorimeter?

A calorie (1000 calories makes up 1 Calorie) is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degrees celsius. It is something your body can make ATP from.

A protein gives 4 Calories per gram. A carbohydrate gives 4 Calories per gram. A lipid gives 8 Calories per gram. A gram of alcohol gives 7 Calories per gram.

A bomb calorimeter is a device used to measure the amount of energy in a food.

Scientific Method: How does nutritional research use the scientific method?

Nutritional research makes accurate and appropriate observations by asking the right questions.


They formulates a hypothesis in an attempt to establish a relationship between variables.




They tests the hypothesis through epidemiological studies or intervention studies.

Cause-and-Effect Relationship: What is it?

It is a relationship where a change in one factor generally will cause a change in another factor.

Correlation: What is it? What are the types?

Correlation is a kind of relationship where a change in one variable is related to a change in another variable.

The two types include positive correlation (where both variables change in the same direction) and negative correlation (where the two variables change in opposite directions).

Relationships: What is the difference between a simple relationship and a complex relationship?

In a simple relationship, one factor leads to another without interference from other factors. In a complex relationship, other variables come into play in a relationship between two factors.

Epidemiological Study: What is it?

It is the study where data is collected from a large group of individuals who are not asked to change their behaviors in any way (pure observation). It explores genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors that might play in a causal relationship, but it does not try to explain a causal effect.

AKA for when you don’t know much about a population and want to observe any general trends.

Intervention Study: What is it? What is the control group?

It is a study where you change a variable in the study to observe an effect (using a control group and experimental group). AKA for when you have two variables you would like to study.

The control group refers to the group that does not receive the experimental treatment or change in the variable.