Lec 3- History Of Healthcare- Anatomy

Front 1

Reading Chap 2- Duffin: Main theme about anatomy and medicine:

Back 1

- seems integral to the study of medicine, but structural explanations of disease have always been second to those of function

Front 2

Three themes recur throughout history of anatomy:

Back 2

1. Ambivalence: should anatomical dissection be allowed. Ex: religious and cultural problems
2. The gift of art to medicine: expression of anatomy relied on visual communication
3. Anatomical study separate from medical wisdom

Front 3

Galen: What time? who? what were feelings toward this?

Back 3

- Galen 129 ad.
- Seen as the medical authority for over 1000 yrs.
- Dissection is defacing the body
- Christianity believes the body must be whole to go to heaven. Therefore many places allow dissection on criminals maybe once a year.

Renaissance allowed for more exploration, as the plaque put people against Galen and the church

Front 4

Why did doctors not initially care for anatomy?

Back 4

- doctors did not care for anatomy because: they treated for subjective illnesses, and alterations in structure were generally not visible. They did not correlate disease with inner organs.

Front 5

Vesalius’s Farbrica

Back 5

unequalled at the time 7 books on anatomy. Maintained some old thoughts, homology (ex: female parts looked like men’s parts)

Front 6

Rough timeline of anatomy and bedside medicine:

Back 6

- 16th and 17th C anomy did not relate to bedside medicine. Made artistic representations of the healthy human. Showing nothing of disease
- early 17th starting to relate to function
- 19th C anatomy goes medical: technology, naming of disease named on anatomy not symptoms
- Dissections started to be offered by medical schools. However still the problem of getting bodied. Public not very open.
- 1983 dissection slowly becoming publicly acceptable

Front 7

What is so special about anatomy and history?

Back 7

History of anatomy offers a special look to how people “fabricated” the body to be what they wanted it to be. Showing how different influences changed anatomy.

Front 8

History in 1960's changed? what?

Back 8

- new way of doing history
- historians start to focus on the important of everyday life
- shift attention from great world events, wars, great personalities and focus on everyday practices

Front 9

Margret Humphrey:

Back 9

The poor historian:

- forgetting medical history
- good to know what happened in yrs when they were alive

Front 10

What are the 2 categories of the poor historian?

Back 10

o Patient: cannot provide info about his or her medical history
o Healer: who knows nothing about the past. History of medicine or history of health care, but knows everything about modern medicine
o Therefore a poor health care professional looses the potential to truly help all patients

Front 11

why else do you need medicine in history?

Back 11

- Different disease names in the past
- Knows that some people may lie about medical history, based on old prejudices
What did work in the past?
- certain populations very suspicious of doctors . Ex: people tortured in prison camps
- Don’t be too smug about new technology
o Where are limits?
o Cant solve everything
- Medicine evolves over time

Front 12

What does anatomy mean?

Back 12

- structure
- shape
- size
- relationships of body parts to each other
- can also be analysis of particular topic or problems

Front 13

When was gray's anatomy published?

Back 13

1858

Front 14

What are the 4 themes of Duffin Reading?

Back 14

1. Religious and cultural aversion to cutting up dead bodies
2. One cannot look at history of anatomy without looking at art
3. Individuals who pursue anatomy in a career: - don’t always get a high status in medicine
4. The story of the body is very dependant on the cultural context

Front 15

1. Religious and cultural aversion to cutting up dead bodies

Back 15

- body is home to soul
- therefore cutting body ruins soul
- turn to animals

Front 16

2. One cannot look at history of anatomy without looking at art

Back 16

- all images require art
- medicine and art meet
- visual form of communication

Front 17

3. Individuals who pursue anatomy in a career:

Back 17

- don’t always get a high status in medicine

Front 18

4. The story of the body is very dependant on the cultural context

Back 18

- our understanding of the body is fabricated
- changed according to gender, races…etc.

Front 19

Mary Shelly:

Back 19

Frankenstein

Author: Mary Shelly 1797-1851
- women
- in that period women often wrote under men’s names
- published in 1818

Front 20

What inspired Mary to write the novel? list. who?

Back 20

o Writes when British medical science is fascinated about the body
o Body parts have secrets
o Because of fascination, there is a lot of dissection
o Don’t have enough bodies so…
o Body sellers: rob graves and some people kill

- Around same time: Luigi Galvani (electrochemistry- galvanisation)
- Dissects bodies of animals
- Uses electricity of revive dead animals
- Animals jerk when he sparks them

Front 21

What 3 things came together in her book

Back 21

Dissection --- Grave robbing ---- Galvanism

Front 22

Brief plot of frankenstein:

Back 22

- all come together to inspire Shelly
- Dr. Victor Frankenstein fascinated by electricity reviving the dead
- Begins with slaughter houses
- Robs graves
- Builds things with body parts
- Brings to life with electricity
- Monster ends of being a murders, because bodies are from the gallows

Front 23

What 2 events happened in 1832?

Back 23

3rd Edition in 1832
- ironically same time as murder scandal in Scotland
- 2 irish workers: William Hale and William Burke grave robbers who delivers to most prestigious anatomy schools
- BUT NEED MORE BODIES ---- murder people
- Med student recognize the bodies
- Hale testifies against burke who is hanged and put on public dissection, parts still on display at Edinburgh medical school
- Doctor never charged

Front 24

The anatomy act came in which year?what does it do?

Back 24

- same yr as Frankenstein – 1832
- act prevents grave robbing and murder
- grave robbers = “resurrection man”
- anyone practising anatomy now had to be licensed
- put in place inspectors
- doctors could have legal rights to unclaimed dead bodies (prisons, warehouses)
- the act kind of helped

Front 25

What is the history of anatomy based on?

Back 25

The point of all this: Shows that our knowledge about anatomy is based on the most marginalized people in history (related to unnatural causes)
- drawings in Gray’s Anatomy would be based on poorest people in society

Front 26

Why did Galen get interested in anatomy? What did he dissect?

Back 26

- physician to roman gladiators
- could see organs through wounds
- starts dissecting pigs and monkeys
o there was discomfort for humans
o extrapolates to humans

Front 27

What Centuries saw a rise in interest for anatomy and art? how did they use this as punishment?

Back 27

- Oldest illustrations in “Middle ages” come from Arab -→Persia
- Sense that body can cause disease
- Need to do dissections
- 13th and 14th C : interest in anatomy, art, universities, start seeing criminal bodies for dissection and vivisection (live dissection) CRIME punishment

Front 28

What did the catholic church think?

Back 28

- against dissections
- made illegal in many European countries
- only legal ones would be readings from Galen’s book and barber would do dissection

Front 29

Why does Galens work go unchallenged until the black death?

Back 29

- then comes Renaissance- on heels of the “black death”
- wipes one third of population
- this causes people to question god
- gets people used to sight of dead bodies

Front 30

Vesalius- De Humani corpus fabrica. what was it publised. where are the bodies from?
How many tables?

Back 30

- 1543
- Bodies again from Gallows
- Prisons
- Workhouses

Six tables
- anything they saw predetermined by the cultural times
- Ex: penis vs. vagina: vagina looks like an inverted penis
- Homology