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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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axial |
head, neck trunk |
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appendiular |
arms legs |
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how many bones and how much body weight |
206 bones and 20% |
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sacrum cool? |
for kids sacrum fuses from 5 to 1 bones |
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bone |
-calcified, living, connective tissue - compact and spongy bone - classfied according to shape - multiple functions: supportive structure, protection, levers - resevoir - containers - holds blood producing cells and minerals like Ca & P |
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flat bones |
2 thin plates of compact bone sandwiching spongy bone |
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sesamoid bone |
embedded in tendon, often circular |
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how many axial bones and how many in skull vertebral column and rib cage
and functions |
80 29 skull 26 vertebral 25 rib cage
support and protect and attachment surface |
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appendicular how many bones and how many in: pectoral girdles upper limbs hands pelvic girdles lower limbs feet
functions? functions of girdles? |
126 bones pectoral girdles - 4 upper limbs - 6 hands - 54 pelvic girdles - 2 lower limbs - 8 feet - 52
functions - protection, locomotion
girdles are holding points of appendicular to axial |
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articulation classifications |
structure: - presence/absence of cavity
function: - movements permitted |
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solid joints |
fibrous and cartilagenous - held together by cartilage and CT not mobile |
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fibrous joints |
- adjacent bones linked by thin connective tissue - sutural ligament in skull
- short collagen fibers in periodontal ligament btwn root and bony socket (gomphosis)
- adjacent bones linked by ligament - interosseous membrane and in radius/ulna and tibia/fibia
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cartilaginous joints |
- long bones - btwn 2 ossification sites in developing bone - remaining layer of cartilage - when fully ossified its epiphyseal plate - synchondrosis in humerus/femur bone
- btwn 2 seperate bones - interconnected by fibrocartilage - symphysis of pubis - intervertebral discs |
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synovial joints |
- structures associated - moveable - produce movement in multiple directions - uni/bi/multi axial - functionally and structurally classified - articulaing surfaces - knee joint
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general structure of synovial joints |
- Joint capsule: synovial membrane(inner layer) & fibrous membrane (outer layer - dense CT)
- joint cavity filled with synovial fluid (free movement & nutrients for cartilage)
- articular cartilage on epiphysis, hyaline 1/4 inch thick
- shock absorption baby |
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associated structure of synovial joints |
tendons, cartilage, bursa, fat pad, ligaments, articular disc |
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fat pad |
synovial joints - shock absorption and friction reduction |
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bursa (bursae pl) |
- btwn: - bone/skin - ligament/skin - ligament/muscle
- a synovial membrane |
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articular disc |
- ensures perfect contact - shock absorbing - divides joint capsules - exception where it is not hyaline but it is in fact FIBROCARTILAGE |
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synovial joints common movements |
- gliding - angular - rotation |
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gliding movement |
- translation, X & Y plane - no change in joint angles |
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angular movement |
- flexion/extension - adbuction/adduction - circumduction
- uni/bi axial |
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rotation movements |
- internal (medial) - external (lateral)
- only multiaxial
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retraction/protraction |
- pro - jaw foreward - re- jaw backward |
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elevation/depression |
ele - jaw up to close mouth - dep - jaw down to open mouth |
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dorsiflexion/plantarflexion |
- dorsi - toes up - plantar - toes down |
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inversion/eversion |
- inversion - turning foot so sole faces medially
- eversion - turning foot away from body, sole faces laterally |
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pronation/supination |
pro - hand turned downwards sup - turned upwards (anatomical postition) |
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opposition |
bringing thumb and finger together |
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lateral flexion |
bending body to one side |
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gliding joints |
- elevation/depression - flexion/extension - lateral flexion - rotation
- 2 flat articular surfaces, one bone moves across surface of another, no changes in joint angle
- examples: sternoclavicular, intervertebral |
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hinge joints |
- between accomodating articular surfaces of 2 or more bones - movement around one axis that passes transversely thru the joint
- flexion/extension - limited rotation, adduction and abduction
- examples - humeroulnar, knee |
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pivot joints |
- axis of convex articular surface parallel to longitudinal axis of bone - movement around one axis that passes longitudinally along the shaft of the bone
- rotation - pronation/supination
- examples - anlanto-axial, proximal radio-ulnar |
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condyloid (ellipsoial) |
- ovoid articular surface recieved in elliptical cavity - movement around 2 axes at right angles to eachother
- flexion/extension - adduction/abduction - circumduction
- examples - metacarpophalangeal, radiocarpal (wrist) |
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saddle joints |
- articular surfaces are saddle-shaped, reciprocally convex-concave - movement around 2 axes at right angles to eachother
- flexion/extension - adduction/abduction - circumduction - opposition
- examples - 1st carpometacarpal - trapezium & 1st metacarpal |
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ball & socket joints |
- spherical head of bone articulates with concave surface of another - movement around multiple axes
- flexion/extension - adduction/abduction - circumduction - rotation
examples - glenohumeral - ischiofemoral (hip)
- vulnerable to dislocation |
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flexion/extension |
flex- decreasing angle btwn 2 body parts (think flex biceps)
- extension - increase angle |
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abduction/adduction |
aD - away from midline
aB - toward midline |
