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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Within Subjects Design
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Subjects are used in both conditions
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Between Subjects Design
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One group of subjects in one condition, the other group is in another condition
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How do criminals instill fear in their victims?
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By disguising themselves to prevent victims from looking at them
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What experiment did Buckout do in 1975?
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Stages a crime in a college class where immediate accuracy was only 40% immediately
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When can mistaken identity occur?
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When crimes occur, police are anxious to obtain an identification; more time that goes by, memory may fade
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What do police often use to obtain an identification?
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A lineup
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What is a lineup?
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A recognition test which is a way to learn something from a witness that could not be articulated in verbal recall
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What is the nature of a lineup?
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During lineup it is typical to present everyone at one time
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What is the name given to those who are not subjects?
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Foils
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Do you think the "foils" should be similar or different to the suspects?
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It is important to have functional size, many distractors that match the subjects description so that an innocent victim is not chosen as the culprit
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What else may be used instead of lineups?
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Photospreads or mugbooks
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Problems with using Mug Books
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Witness must look at many pics in a short amount of time, if they make a definite identification, it may be very hard to turn their back on an identification; also current identification of the subject may now be determined more by their recognition of the mug book pic than their actual recall of the crime
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According to Wells (1993) what has the research shown with regard to lineups?
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False identifications, high confidence in false identification, wrongful convictions
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An example of false identification
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Cross-racial Identification--considerable consistency across studies indication that memory for own race faces is superior to memory for other race faces
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What are the IV and DV of the cross racial identification experiment?
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IV-someone of your own race/someone of a different race
DV=accuracy |
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Scanning faces
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Relatively consistent data indicating that the upper portion of faces, especially hair and eyes are more important to recognition than the inner features of faces
each lineup must be compared to one's actual memory (using an absolute standard of recognition) |
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Sequential Lineup
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Give one pic at a time, much harder to compare, lead to fewer false identifications
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Simultaneous Lineup
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All presented at one time trying to compare, make relative judgments
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Questions asked during lineups and which one is better?
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Do you see the man who committed the crime? vs. Which one of these men committed the crime?
First one is fairer bc the second one is automatically assuming that the person is there |
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What is an example in class used for lineups?
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Darth Vader
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Is memory physiological?
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Yes, there is a connection between memory and your brain
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Examples of Physiological Memory?
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Amnesia, Alzheimer's, being drunk, getting hit in the head
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Hebb
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reverberating circuits/structural traits
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What happens first when trying to remember?
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Neurons are moving all around but leave a specific trace-short term memory
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Who contributed more than any other person to out understanding of neuropsychology of memory?
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H.M
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What happened to H.M?
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At te age of twenty seven had the medical portions of his temporal lobes (including the hoppicampus, amygdala, adjacent cortex) removed for the treatment of severe case of epilepsy
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What happened after H.M's surgery?
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Still had short term memory for events predating his surgery remined largely intact
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What are some example H.M could remember?
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phone number and birthday
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What are some examples of things H.M could not remember?
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Could not form any new long term memories
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What type of amnesia did H.M have?
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Antegrade Amnesia
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Antegrade Amnesia
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Not being able to form new memories ex] H.M
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What did H.M show improvements of?
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Improvements of some tasks overtime, but was unaware of it
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What is the example short term memory loss that we watched in class?
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Finding Nemo--Dory not being able to transfer information (short term memory)
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What did the findings of H.M challenge the view of?
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Memory is equally and diffusely distracted throughout the brain
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What brain structures did H.M have scientific contributions for?
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Memory in the Hippocampus
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What two things did H.M help find distinctions between?
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STM/ LTM and
Implicit/ explicit memory |
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What is an example of what HM could do that distinguished STM/LTM?
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HM could solve problems that involved memory but could not "recall these words"
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What reading was related to HM?
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The Lost Mariner
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What is the example short term memory loss that we watched in class?
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Finding Nemo--Dory not being able to transfer information (short term memory)
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What did the findings of H.M challenge the view of?
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Memory is equally and diffusely distracted throughout the brain
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What brain structures did H.M have scientific contributions for?
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Memory in the Hippocampus
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What two things did H.M help find distinctions between?
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STM/ LTM and
Implicit/ explicit memory |
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What is an example of what HM could do that distinguished STM/LTM?
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HM could solve problems that involved memory but could not "recall these words"
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What were some scientific contributions of H.M?
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Importance of medical temporal lobes in memory consolidation-prob of STM/LTM memory transfer
Memories are more difficult to disrupt many years after acquisition Investigating other parts of the brain |
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What T.V show clip did we watch in class that had to do with eyewitness testimony?
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The Good Wife
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Clive Warring Video
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Damage to left and right temporal lobes
hippocampus and frontal lobe nothing registered, moment to moment only |
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What movie clip did we watch that had to do with Autism?
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Rain Man
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What reading assignment had to do with Autism?
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The Twins
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Alzheimers
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Starts with hippocampus then goes to amygdala (emotions) and spreads out from there
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Why are studies conducted using lesions with animals?
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More control
these studies have shown: -rhinal cortex-LTM for objects -hippocampus-performance on tasks that require LTM retention of spatial information -amygdala-emotional significances on experiences |
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What are some of the implications of brain functioning for eyewitness testimony?
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Testimony by a drunk driver vs. a testimony by someone who's brain is working normally
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How does memory work>
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Getting info into memory=acquisition (encoding)
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Encoding depends on:
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Attention--concentrating mental effort on sensory or mental events
--limited pool of cognitive resources --withdrawal from something to deal effectively with others |
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Do we always pay attention?
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No
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What is an example in class of how we don't always pay attention?
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Penny example
Neisser "change blindess" video--girl in umbrella -moonwalking bear during basketball game -video-boys look different with different color shirt |
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Usually we attend to one thing at a time but...
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Cocktail party phenomenon--hearing your name
skilled behavior--driving stick, juggling, playing musical instrument all are typically automatic requiring fewer cognitive resources |
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Stroop Task
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Reading color of word that its printed in
An example of how attention can vary Reading is an automatic task |
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In the Stroop Task, what are the IV and DV?
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IV=whether color of the word is consistent with actual word
DV= time |
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Factors affecting attention:
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Motivation, eyewitness testimony, buckout readings, emotion, stress
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What is an example of factors that affect emotion?
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Weapon focus--cant tell what a person looks like bc all focus is on the gun
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What is memory?
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-Memory is not a thing;not a muscle
-it is a set of skills that involve the mental capacity to store and later retrieve previously experienced events -central basis of human being |
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Three aspects of memory
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1. acquisition (encoding)
2. storage (retention) 3. retrieval (recall and recognition) |
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What do misidentifications create?
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A double horror: wrong person is accused and real criminal is still free
--they occur all the time |
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Innocence Project
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Get people out of prison
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Buckout -sources of unreliability
1. Situation |
Insignificance for eyewitness until the crime occurs, length of crime usually short, less than idea observation conditions
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Buckout--sources of unreliability
2. witness |
Stress, physical condition, expectancy (mugging in subway), actively construct memory
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Buckout--sources of unreliability
3. test process |
One picture standing out (von Restorff effect), suggestion, conformity
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Experiment Concrete vs. Abstract words--IV
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IV= type of word (noun or adjective) within subjects
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How do you organize words in your memory?
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Through chunking
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Level of Processing experiment
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3 levels
IV=level of processing -shallow task (certain letter) - rhyming task - semantic task (does it fit in a sentence?) Maintenance(no meaning over and over) vs elaborate rehearsal (give info meaning) |
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Shallow
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Just looking for letter; remembered the least
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Rhyming
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Seeing if the words rhymed, remembered better than shallow
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Semantic/Deep
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Understanding the word in a sentence; remembered the most bc you had to understand the word
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Rehearsing article-Method
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20 wrods
5sec/word 2 minutes for recall |
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Major findings of the rehearsal study
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1.Things at beginning of list are more likely to be rehearsed than the end--more time to rehearse them
2. number of rehearsals throughout the list stays about the same except for first word 3. serial position curve is U shaped |
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Primacy
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LTM
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Recency
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STM
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Lashley
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Cortical lesions of equal size produced similar effects on memory, regardless of location
equipotentiality |
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Implicit
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Riding a bike; unconscious; HM
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Explicit
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Remembering a list of words; conscious
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