Learning & Memory Final

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Kenisis

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A non-direction, involunatary movement in response to stimulus

woodlice

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Taxi

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A directional, involuntary movement in response to a stimulus

Greyling butterflies

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Habituation

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Decrease in respondind to a stiumulus that is presented repeatedly and that is not associated with events of biological significance to individual

stimuli intensity: weaker better

timing: the faster more likely to occur

variation: more consistancy, more likely to occur

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Sensitization

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organism becoming overly responsive to mild stimuli after presentation of intense stimulus

Stimuli intensity: Stronger better

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Classical Conditioning

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Type of conditioning which organisms learn to react in ways to events that reliabvly precede other significant events

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Operant conditioning

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conditioning in which the consequences of resopnding affect the rate of responding

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In Pavlov

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Founder of Classical Conditioning

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Unconditioned stimulu

Unconditioned Response

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stimulus that automatically elicits response

Response that is eliced by the Us

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Conditioned stimulus

Conditioned response

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stimulus paired with us and eventually elicit cr

response eliced by cs

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Excitatory Conditioning

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CS US
CS US
CS US
CS US

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Inhibitory Conditioning

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US
CS
US
CS

Correlation is -1

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CS-US interval

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Maxium conditioning usually occurs when CS-US interval is between .25 seconds and 2 seconds with .5 seconds being fiarly common

***exception: poinson based aviodance conditionins. Where conditioning occur with a CS-US interavl of several hours

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Intertrial Interval

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the longer the better conditioning.

Smaller the ISI-ITI ratio the better conditioning

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CS and US correlation

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greater cs and us correlation better conditioning

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# of Pairings

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greater the pairings the better the conditioning

after so many the responding will eventually level off.

**PErcentage of pairing of the cs and us is closely tied to effectiveness of conditioning

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CS/US intensity

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Greater intensity the better conditioning

BUT* importance of salience of cs

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CS/US Releveance

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combinations promote effective conditniong wheras others do not

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US Pre-exposure effect

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us interfere with later conditioning

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Higher order conditioning

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Creating a CR by and the creation of a CR (tone and starvation) + a new CS (light) and create a new CR

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Sensory Preconditionig

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conditnioning two (CS1+CS2) before creating a CR combined with US and CS2

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Inhibitory COnditioning

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Difficulut to know when the CS has become a signal for US absense.

2 tests: retardation test & summation test

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Discrimitative Stimulis

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A discriminative stimulus influences the occurrence of an operant response because of the contingencies of schedules of reinforcement or paradigms of reinforcement/punishment that are or have been associated with that response.

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Conditionied stimulus

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once natural stimulus that becmoes assosiated with a response

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Classical Conditioning Extinction

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presenting CS in absense of US

suppressed or inhibited, not unlearned.

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Rate of Extinction

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larger number of CS-US pairings during the slower extinction

use of partial reinforcement schedule during acquisitiong results in slower extinction

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Backward conditioning

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occurs when a conditional stimulus immediately follows an unconditional stimulus.

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Temporal conditioning

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US is presented at regularly timed intervals, and CR acquisition is dependent upon correct timing of the interval between US presentations. The background, or context, can serve as the CS in this example.

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Generalization

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After conditioning, subjects that show the conditional response not just to the original conditional stimulus but also to new stimuli that resemble that stimulus are displaying

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Discrimination

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when any life form can be taught to differentiate between very alike, but different stimuli.

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Simulaneous conditioning

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the CS and US are presented and terminated on the same time

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Delayed Conditionin

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the CS is presented and is overlapped by the presentation of the US.

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Trace conditioning

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a period of time is allowed to elapse during which no stimuli are presented, and then the US is presented. The stimulus-free period is called the trace interval. It may also be called the conditioning interval.

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Generalization Gradients

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A visual representation of the response strength produced by stimuli of varying degrees of similarity to the training stimulus..

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Peak Shift

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is a behavioral response bias arising from discrimination learning in which animals display
a directional, but limited, preference for or avoidance of unusual stimuli.

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Spontaneous Recovery

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in animals essentially encompasses two varying habits learned by the animal where there is an initial overpowering presence of habit 2 over habit 1 and then over time, habit 1 regains empowerment over habit 2.

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Spontaneous Recovery 2

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Spontaneous recovery typically occurs during a rest period between extinction training sessions. It is defined as increased recovery of a conditioned behavior that occurs during a rest period with no visible reason for its occurrence, which is why it is labeled spontaneous.

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Systematic desensitization (graduated exposure therapy)

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is a type of behavioral therapy used in the field of psychology to help effectively overcome phobias and other anxiety
disorders.

The goal of this process is that an individual will learn to cope and overcome the fear in each step of the hierarchy, which will lead to overcoming the last step of the fear in the hierarchy.

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Aversion therapy

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a form of psychological treatment in which the patient is exposed to a stimulus while simultaneously being subjected to some form of discomfort. This conditioning is intended to cause the patient to associate the stimulus with unpleasant sensations in order to stop the specific behavior.

can take many forms, for example: placing unpleasant-tasting substances on the fingernails to discourage nail-chewing; pairing the use of an emetic with the experience of alcohol; or pairing behavior with electric shocks of various intensities.

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flooding

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technique, it is used to treat phobia and anxiety disorders including post-traumatic stress disorder. It works by exposing the patient to their painful memories,[1] with the goal of reintegrating their repressed emotions with their current awareness.

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Semantic Conditioning

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Conditioning language and Logic. retarded children think in small generalized words instead of specifics

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temporal conditioning

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A process of behavior modification by which a subject comes to respond in a desired manner to a previously neutral stimulus that has been repeatedly presented along with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits the desired response.

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Thorndike

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Puzzle Box: instrumental conditioning: learning- trial and error

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Skinner

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Operant conditiong

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Positive Reinforcement

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appetitive presentation. performance ina ll tests

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Negative Reinforcement

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Apettitive Removal-

One way shuttle box, two way shuttle box, and operant chamber

escape learning/ active avoidance learning

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Reinforcement of successive approximation

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reinforcing a wanted behavior

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Primary Reinforcer

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Necisities to live

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Secondary

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Money

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positive reinforcer

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a consequence that increases the frequency of a behavior or maintains the frequency.

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Positiver reinforcer magnituted

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Greater magnitutude or quality the better performance

small reinforcers are more effective than large reinforcers

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Delay of Reinforcement

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longer the reinforceer is deylared, the poorer the performance.

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Negative contrast

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Animals switchd from a large reward to a small reward responding poorly

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Fixed Ratio

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Spanking a child if you have to ask him three times to clean his room is an example. The problem is that the child (or anyone for that matter) will begin to realize that he can get away with two requests before he has to act. Therefore, the behavior does not tend to change until right before the preset number.

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Fixed Interval

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An example might be getting a raise every year and not in between. A major problem with this schedule is that people tend to improve their performance right before the time period expires so as to "look good" when the review comes around.

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Variable Ratio

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been found to work best under many circumstances and knowing an example will explain why. Imagine walking into a casino and heading for the slot machines. After the third coin you put in, you get two back. Two more and you get three back. Another five coins and you receive two more back. How difficult is it to stop playing?

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Variable Ratio

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If you have a boss who checks your work periodically, you understand the power of this schedule. Because you don’t know when the next ‘check-up’ might come, you have to be working hard at all times in order to be ready.

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Negative Reinforcement Magnitute

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Escape Learning

speed of response is directly related to degree to which aversive stimulus is reduced following response

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Negative Reinforcement Delay

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Escape Learning

speed decreases as delay increases

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Negative Reinforcement Schedule

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in escape learning- continuous reinforcmenet schedule produces better performance than paritial reinforcent sched.

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Aversive One Way

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avoidance situations more intese the quicker aviodance is learned

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Aversive Two Way

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more intense the stimulus the less quickly avoidance response is learned.

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Signal Aversive Stiumuls Interval

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Most effective learning when signal and aversive stimulus overlap

When overlap occurs, longer signals facilitate learning of avoidance

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Signal Aversive Delay

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Longer delay, the poorer learning

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Partial Reinforcement extinction effect

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responses maintained on intermittent reinforcement are more difficult to extinguish than continuous

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Intermittent Reinforcement

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Only better for response maintenance.

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Spontaneous recovery

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occurs if an extinguished response is followed by a delay

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Intermittent Reinforcement Delays

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slow down extinction process

**Speed up extinction when trials occur close together in time

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Negative Reinforced Extinction

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extingueshed by eeliminating contingency between response and termination of aversive stimulus

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Punishing Stiumulus

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intensity: greater, greater response suppression

Duration: longer the greater response

Delay: longer = less response

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Noncontingent Delivery of Punishment

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little effect on frequency of prtiacular target response