Learning Ch. 1

Front 1

Learning

Back 1

the psychological process (or processes) by which knowledge is gained from experience.

Front 2

Instincts

Back 2

stereotyped behavior patterns that are performed in the same way by members of a particular species without practice.

Front 3

Innate

Back 3

not acquired through direct experience by that individual

Front 4

Instinctive Knowledge

Back 4

knowledge obtained through the mechanism of heredity. This knowledge is innate; that is, not acquired through direct experience by that individual.

Front 5

Reproductive Fitness

Back 5

the measure of success in natural selection: within a species those with greater reproductive fitness will produce more offspring that survive to produce.

Front 6

Evolution by Natural Selection

Back 6

the mechanism proposed by Charles Darwin to expain the diversity of life. Eveolution by natural selection is based on the following three principles: 1- the observed characteristics of individuals are inherited. 2 - Within a species individuals differ from one another in both their physical structures and their behavioral dispositions. 3 - Those characteristics of an individual that favor survival in competition with others and in the face of environmental stresses or changes will be more likely to be transmitted to offspring and thus tend to be preserved.

Front 7

Niche

Back 7

the set of physical and biological conditions in which members of a species live. These include the physical conditions of the environment ( for example, climate, moisture level, terrain for terrestrial species, salinity of water for aquatic species ), sources of food, water, and shelter the availability of potential mates, and the characteristics of the predators.