Learning By Association - Chapter 6

Front 1

Classical conditioning

Back 1

Learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus elicits a response that was originally caused by another stimulus

Front 2

Unconditioned stimulus

Back 2

A stimulus that ilicits a reflexive response without learning

Front 3

Unconditioned Response

Back 3

A reflexive, unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus

Front 4

Conditioned stimulus

Back 4

A once neutral stimulus that later ilicits a conditioned response because of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Front 5

Conditioned Response

Back 5

The learned response that occurs to the conditioned stimulus

Front 6

Hebb’s Rule

Back 6

When a weak connection between neurons is stimulated at the same time as a strong connection is, the weak connection is strengthened

Front 7

Acquisition

Back 7

The initial phase of learning in which a response is established

Front 8

Extinction

Back 8

The loss or weakening of a conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus no longer occur together

Front 9

Spontaneous recovery

Back 9

The reoccurrence of a previously extinguished conditioned response, typically after some time has passed since extinction

Front 10

Generalization

Back 10

A response that originally occurs to a specific a stimulus also occurs to different though similar stimuli

Front 11

Discrimination

Back 11

When an organism learns to respond to the original stimulus but not to other similar stimuli

Front 12

Conditioned emotional response

Back 12

Emotional and physiological responses that develop to a specific object or situation – phobias

Front 13

Preparedness

Back 13

The biological pre-disposition to rapidly learn a response to a particular class of stimuli

Front 14

Conditioned taste aversion

Back 14

The acquired like or dislike of a food/drink because it was paired with an illness

Front 15

Latent inhibition

Back 15

Occurs when frequent experience with a stimulus before it is paired with a US making it less likely that conditioning will occur after one episode

Front 16

Conditioned drug tolerance

Back 16

Drug tolerance due to preparedness

Front 17

Operant Conditioning

Back 17

Learning in which behavior is influenced by consequences

Front 18

Contingency

Back 18

Consequence depends on action

Front 19

Reinforcement

Back 19

A process in which an event or reward that follows a response increases the likelihood of the response occurring again

Front 20

Law of effect

Back 20

Responses followed by satisfaction will occur again and those not followed by satisfaction will become less likely

Front 21

Reinforcer

Back 21

A stimulus that is contingent upon a response that increases the probability of the response occurring again

Front 22

Punishment

Back 22

A process that decreases the future probability of a response

Front 23

Positive Reinforcement

Back 23

The stimulus is added to a situation can be good or bad

Front 24

Negative Reinforcement

Back 24

The stimulus is removed from the situation can be good or bad

Front 25

Avoidance Learning

Back 25

Type of negative reinforcement that removes the possibility that the stimulus will occur

Front 26

Escape learning

Back 26

Occurs if a response removes a stimulus that is already present

Front 27

Primary reinforcers

Back 27

Addition of basic things needed to survive/reproduce; water, food, shelter

Front 28

Secondary reinforcers

Back 28

Stimuli that occur only after we learn have value e.g. money

Front 29

Discriminative stimulus

Back 29

A cue/event that a response if made will be reinforced

Front 30

Shaping

Back 30

The procedure in which a specific operant response is created by reinforcing successive approximations of that response

Front 31

Continuous reinforcement

Back 31

Every response made results in reinforcements

Front 32

Partial reinforcement

Back 32

Only a certain number of responses are rewarded or a certain amount of time must pass before reinforcement is made available

Front 33

Fixed-ratio schedule

Back 33

Reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been completed

Front 34

Variable-ratio schedule

Back 34

The number of response required to receive reinforcement varies according to an average

Front 35

Fixed-interval schedule

Back 35

Reinforces the first response after a set amount of time

Front 36

Variable-interval schedule

Back 36

First response is reinforced following a variable amount of time

Front 37

Partial reinforcement effect

Back 37

Organisms that have been conditioned under partial reinforcement resist extinction longer than conditioned under continuous reinforcement

Front 38

Latent learning

Back 38

Learning that is not immediately expressed by a response until the organism is reinforced for doing so

Front 39

Stimulus-organism-response theory (SOR)

Back 39

Differences in actions were based on people’s cognitive interpretation of that situation – what the stimulus meant to them

Front 40

Stimulus-Response theory (SR)

Back 40

Differences in responding were due to different learning histories – thinking was a form of behavior

Front 41

Observational Learning

Back 41

Changes in behavior and knowledge that result from watching others

Front 42

4 processes involved in observational learning:

Back 42

Attention: observation of something that rewards or punishes

Memory: delay between learning a behavior and the opportunity to use it

Ability: to reproduce the behavior: observe, practice and observe

Motivation: the need to exercise learnt behavior

Front 43

Imitation

Back 43

Recreating someone else’s motor behavior or expression