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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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This segment is a bridge between what other two segments?
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(1) Purpose and Functions of public education
(2)Equity and Diversity |
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We look at learning in what two ways?
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(1) Theoretically
(2) Practically |
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When we consider teaching and learning, where are we able to go?
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From here to there.
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Learning and teaching is the _______ of schools.
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Business
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Learning and teaching _________ each other and cannot be separated.
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Inform
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What constructs our views of learning and teaching?
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Society
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With Dewey we introduce the ongoing and ever present tension between relatively structured, disciplined, ordered, didactic tradition education versus,
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relatively unstructured, free, student directed, progressive education.
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Progressive Education
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is meant to benefit all individuals and society. (Democratic Ideals)
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Dewey's Philosophy of learning emphasized what?
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Experience
-Non-Authoritarian Teaching -Approaches -Active Learning -The Learning Environment -Making a social (Life) connection |
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Before Dewey's campaign for education reform (1900's-1940's), what were classrooms like?
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-Concerned with delivering knowledge
-Not concerned with student's experience -Which in turn made kids hate school |
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Who said, “For education to be most successful, it is necessary that
people participate in democratic forms of life”? |
John Dewey
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<--Learning<-->Teaching<-->Classroom Design<-->Assessment-->'
<--Equity Concerns--> (Parallel) |
Just memorize the opposite side of this card.
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How People Learn (Chapter 1), covers what topics on learning?
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Prior Knowledge (Pre-existing knowledge)
Active Learning Meta Cognition Formative Assessment |
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What is Prior Knowledge?
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Knowledge/experiences gained outside of the classroom, normally in a social setting which can be applied or built upon in the classroom.
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What two theories does Dewey combine?
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(1) Psychology: Active Learning, Learning to Learn, Inquiry based Learning
(2) Social Theory: Dewey's view that Democracy should be infused in all aspects of life aligns with today's concerns about teaching for social justice. |
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What is Meta Cognition?
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Associated with cognitivism. The process of monitoring one's own learning.
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What is Formative Assessment?
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When the feedback from learning activities is actually used to adapt the teaching to meet the learner's needs.
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What is Summative Assessment?
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refers to the assessment of the learning and summarizes the development of learners at a particular time. After a period of work, lets say for two weeks, the learner sits for a test and then the teacher marks the test and assigns a score. The test aims to summarize learning up to that point.
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According to Dewey, who should have a part in deciding the curriculum?
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The student.
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What are Dewey's views on Classroom Design?
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It should be:
Student Centered Content Centered Assessment Centered |
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What are weaknesses in Dewey's arguments?
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Making Subject matter interdisciplinary is demanding and challenging to organize
This challenges SOCIAL EFFICIENCY It is difficult to train teachers to do this This is Complex content |
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What names are connected to Behavorism?
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Skinner (Operant Conditioning)
Watson Pavlov (Classic Conditioning) |
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What names are connected to Cognitivism?
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Piaget
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What names are connected to Sociocutlural?
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Vygotsky
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What names are connected to Constructivism?
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Bruner
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What did Pavlov do to his dogs?
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Classical Conditioning experiment in which dogs were given food after the sound of a bell. Eventually the dogs connected the sound of the bell to food being presented. They were conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell, expecting food.
Pavlov and Watson, both believed that dogs and humans reacted to stimuli in the same way. |
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Name a few defining aspects of Behaviorism...
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All behavior caused by stimuli
All behaviors are acquired through conditioning Behavior can be studied in a systematic and observable manner with no consideration of mental state These ideas dominated through the 1950's. |
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Operant Behavior means...
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that behavior were dependent upon what happens after the response.
AKA Operant Conditioning |
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A Behaviorist's view of teaching is to...
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Get a high response to stimuli.
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A Behaviorist may get results out of students by,
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-using a reward system
if students do not constantly respond correctly then the methods may need variation and change -building upon stimulus-response affiliations, both for content, skills and abilities. |
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What are some criticisms of the Behaviorist theory?
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"looking at the whole rather than its parts, and at patterns instead of isolated events"
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What gave birth to cognitivism?
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attention, memory, language, concept formation, and problem solving
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What would Piaget argue about human knowledge?
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-structured
-organized internally (schema) -not just stimulus response -develops over time -changes |
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What is a schema?
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A set of perceptions, ideas, and/or actions, that we construct and use to understand and respond to the world.
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How can learning be viewed in terms of schemas?
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Learning is changing our existing schemas.
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What is Assimilation?
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Assimilation is fitting new info into existing schemas, often by distorting, transforming, and imposing meaning on the information.
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What is Accommodation?
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modifying, transforming, and reconstructing existing schemas.
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What is the difference between Cognition and Constructivisim?
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Cognition: things inside people's heads
Constructivism: learner's construct knowledge |
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What is epistemology?
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The study of the development of knowledge.
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Piaget had stages of development for a child. What were they?
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Sensorimotor (First 2 Years Old): Thinking only by doing, infant gains physical knowledge
Preoperational (2-7 Years Old):Children start to use symbols such as language to represent objects, learn from concrete evidence. Concrete Operational (6-11 Years Old): children begin to think logically. Operations are associated with personal experience. Concrete, not in abstract manipulation, classification. Formal Operational (11 Years and Beyond): think abstractly, recognize and identify a problem, alternative hypotheses |
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Metacognition means...
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-Knowing what you know
-Assessing understanding -Figuring out what you know and don't know -Finding strategies to help you understand the things you don't know |
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How is Learning a Social Process?
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Learning is an active, social process in which students construct new ideas or concepts based on current knowledge.
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What is Constructivism?
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-A theory of knowledge in which humans generate meaning from experiences. (Students are not blank slates to be filled)
-Learning is active rather than passive -If what learners encounter is inconsistent with their current understanding, their understanding can change to accommodate new experience. |
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What is the role of the teacher in Scaffolding?
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the instructor becomes a supportive tool for the student in the zone of proximal development. The characteristics of an ideal teacher are those of a Scaffold:
It provides support It functions as a tool It extends the range of the worker It allows to accomplish a task otherwise impossible It is used selectively, when needed |
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What percentage of your life is spent in school?
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14%
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The supports of instructional scaffolding may include:
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-Resources
-A compelling task -Templates and guides -Guidance on the development of -Cognitive and social skills |
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What theory is Lev Vygotsky tied with?
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ZPD, Sociocultural
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What is ZPD?
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The gap between actual competence (what problem level a student is able to independently solve), and the potential development level
ZPD is based on the mental functions that have not yet matured but are being in the process of maturation. |
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In order to scaffold you must first assess the learner's,
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current understanding.
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What is a limit of ZPD?
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the level of skill reached by the child working independently.
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What is the upper limit of ZPD?
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The level of additional responsibility the child can accept with the assistance of an able instructor.
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Piaget would say that the internal precedes the...
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external.
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Vygotsky saw speech as...
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a connection to thinking.
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Communities of practice are formed by...
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people who engage in a process of collective learning in a shared domain of human endeavor. EXAMPLES:
-a tribe learning to survive -a band of artists seeking new forms of expression -a group of engineers working on similar problems -a clique of pupils defining their identity in the school -a network of surgeons exploring novel techniques -a gathering of first time managers helping each other cope |
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Groups of people who share a concern or a passion for something they do and learn how to do it better as they interact regularly are known as...
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Communities of Practice.
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Characteristics of Communities of Practice would be...
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Domain: shared domain of interest; shared competence that distinguishes members from other people
Practice: shared repertoire of resources: experiences, stories, tools, ways of addressing recurring problems Community engage in joint activities and discussions, help each other, and share information; trust, respect, ethos |
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T/F?: Knowledge is inseparable from practice. It is not possible to know without doing. By doing, we learn.
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TRUE
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PCK stands for...
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Pedagogical Content Knowledge
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PCK involves...
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-Knowing what teaching approaches fit the content.
-How elements of the content can be arranged for better teaching. -Knowledge of student understanding (how children learn) -Curricular knowledge (including standards) -Instructional strategies. |
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What are some issues about current assessment?
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-Teaching to the test
-Schools tied to the test results (No Child Left Behind; Bush) -Teachers tied to test results (Race to the Top) -ELL-English Language Learners -Non-dominant populations |
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What would Culturally responsive teachers do?
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-socioculturally conscious
-have affirming views of students from diverse backgrounds -see themselves as responsible for and capable of bringing about change to make schools more equitable -understand how learners construct knowledge and are capable of promoting knowledge construction -know about the lives of their students -design instruction that builds on what their students already know while stretching them beyond |
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What are some weaknesses of standardized tests?
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-Students as numbers
-No remediation opportunities -Narrow thinking measure not problem solving -Teaching to the test -One dimensional learning and teaching experience |
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What are some benefits of standardized test?
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-Efficient, cheap, easy to store, grade
-Given to large numbers -Show trends over time, eg between groups and years -Can be used with other measures -Give a general sense of students strengths and weaknesses |
