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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
adaptability
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capacity to learn new behaviors that enable us to cope wiht chaning circumstances
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learning
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realtively permamnent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
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john lock and david hume
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learn of association- smell of bread, eat satisfying likings
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associative learning
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learning that certain events occur together. the events may be 2 stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (opernat conditioning)
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successful adaptation
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requires both nature (genetic predisposition) and nurture (a history of appropraite learning)
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conditioning
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process of learning
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operant conditioning
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learning to associate a response (behavior) and its consequence and thus to repeat acts followed by good results and avoid acts followed by bad results
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observational learning
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learn from others' experiences and examples
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classical conditioning
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a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. a neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipated and prepares for unconditioned stimulus (pavlovian or repondent conditioning)
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Ivan Pavlov
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pavlov's dog
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John B. Watson
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searched for laws underlying learning. urged colleagues to discard reference to inner thoughts, feelings, motives.
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observable behavior
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watson- psych should study how organisms repsond to stimuli in their environment- objectice science
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behaiorism
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the view that psychology should be objective science that studies behavior withouht reference to mental processes. (agree w/ 1 not 2 today)
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psychic secretions
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worked w/ the same dog repeatedly, the dog began salivating to stimuli associated w/ food
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neutral stimuli
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something the dog could see or hear- signaled the arrival of food, dog associates the 2 stimuli
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expectancy
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an awareness of how US will occurs
-thoughts count- not just simple CS-US assocation |
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biological constraints
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an orgnaism's learning capacity
-similar in all animals -natural response could be conditioned to any neutral stimulus -animals capacity for conditioning is constrained by its bio |
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domjan
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conditioned stimuli have a natural association with the unconditioned stiumuli they predict
-learning enables animals to adapt to env. -learning can be studied objectively |
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watson
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human emotions and hevhior, though biologically influenced, mainly a bundle of cognitive resonses
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operant conditioning
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learning in which behavior is strengethend if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
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respondent behavior
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occurs as an automatic response to some stimulusl skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning
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operant behavior
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behavior that operates on the env., producing consequences
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skinner's behavioral technology
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revealed principles of behavior control
-taught pigeons to walk in figure 8, play ping-pong, keep missile on course by pecking at target screen |
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operant chamber
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skinner box- containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to ontain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the anima's rate of bar pressing or key pecking
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shaping
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operant- procedure reinforces guide behavior towards closer approximations of the desired behavior
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successive approximations
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reward response close to desired behavior and ignore all other responses
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discriminative influece
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signals that response will be reinforced
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reinforcement
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event that strengthens the behavior it follows
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positive reinforcement
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increasing behaviors by presenting postitive stimuli such as food.
-strengeths response |
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negative reinforcement
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increasing behavior by stopping of reducing negative (aversive) stimuli, shock
-when removed after response, strengthens response |
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primary reinforcer
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innately reinforcing stimulus-ex sataisfies biolgical needs
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conditioned reinforcers
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stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer (secondary reinforcer)
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continuous reinforcement
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reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
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partial (intermittent reinforcement
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reinforcing a response only part of the time; reults in slower acquisition of a response but greater resistence to extinction that does continuous reinforcement
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fixed-ration schedule
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reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of reponses
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variable-ration schedules
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reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
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fixed-interval scheudle
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rreinforces a response only after a specified time has elpased
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variable-interval schedule
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reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
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punishment
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eent that decreased behavior that it follows
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cognitive map
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mental rep of the layout of one's env.
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latent learning
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learning becomes apparent only when there is some incentive to demonstrate it
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intrinsic motivation
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desire to perform a behavior for its own sake-work and play for enjoyment
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extrinsic motivation
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a desire to performm a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment
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biological predispositions
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natural predispostions contain its capacity for operant conditions
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BF Skinner
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external influences shape behavir and by urging the use of operant principles to influence people's behavior
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observational learning
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learning by observing others
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modeling
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process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
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memes
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transmitted cultural elements
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mirror neurons
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frontal lobe neurons, adjacent to motor cortex, fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doin so.
-enables imitation, language learning, empathy |
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theory of mind
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mirror neurons give rise to children's empathy and to thier ability to infer another's mental state
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prosocial
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positive, ocnstructive, helpful behavior
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misinformation effect
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incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
-imagining nonexisistent actions and events creates false memories -imagination inflation |
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source amnesia
(misattribution) |
attributing to the wrong sources and event we have experienced, heard about, read, or imagined
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gist memories
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memories of imagined experiences are more restricted to the meanings and feelings we associate with it.
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recall
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measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlies (fill-in the blank test)
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recognize
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meaures of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned (mutliple choice)
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relearning
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memory meaurse that assess the amount of time saved when learning material for second time
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retreival cues
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anchor points used to access target information when want to retrieve it later
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priming
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activation, after uncounsciously, of particular assocations in memory
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deja vu
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eerie sense that you have experienced this before- from cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an eralier experience
-well-educated, young adults |
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state dependent memory
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learn in one state more easily recall again in that same state
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mood-congruent memory
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tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
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adsent mindedness
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inattention to details procues encoding failures
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transience
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storage decay over time
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blocking
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inaccessibility of stored information
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tip of tongue
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experience retrieval failure
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misattribution
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confusing the source of inormation
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suggestibilty
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lingering effects of misforutne
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bias
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belief-colored recollects
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persistence
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unwanted memories
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forgetting curve
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much of what we learn may quickly forget
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proactive interference
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disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info (old interferes w/ new)
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retroactive interference
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new learning on the recall of old info
-minimize by reducing number of interfering events |
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positive transfer
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old and new info compete w/ eachother that interferene occurs
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repression
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psychoanalytic theory- defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety- arousing thoughts, feelings, memories
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automatic processing
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unconscious encoding of incidental information, space, time, frequency
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space
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encode place on page where materical appears- visualize location later
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time
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unintentionally note the sequence of the day's events
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frequency
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efforlessly keep track of howm any times things happen
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effortful processing
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encoding that requires attention and conscious effor- greatest chance retaining
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rehearsal
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conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
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next-in-line effect
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people go around a circle saying words or their names and attempt to remember them , they forget the names of those said reight before them
-focus on own performance and after fail to process last person's words -info processed before sleep seldom remember |
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spacing effect
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tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study of practice
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serial position effect
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recall best the last and first items on list
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visual encoding
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encoding of picture images- least likely to remember
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acoustic encoding
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encoding of sound, words
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semantic encoding
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encoding of meaning,- most likely to remember
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self-reference effect
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forget how well certain adj describe someone else and forget, ask about ourselves remember well
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imagery
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mental picture; powerful aid to efforful processing, especially when combined with semantic endoing
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rosy retrospection
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recalling high points while forgetting mundane
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mnemonics
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memory aids, especially techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
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chunking
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organizing items into familiar, manageable units- automatic
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acronyms
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encoding first letters to be remembered
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ichonic
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visual 1-2/10th second
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echoic
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auditiory 3-4 sec
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memory
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persistence of learning over time through storage and retrieval of information
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flahsbulb memory
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clear memory of an emotionally significal moment or event
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encoding
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processing of info into memory system-extracting meaning
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storage
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retention of encoded info over time
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retrieval
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process of getting info out of memory storange
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three-stage principle
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for memories through 3 stages
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sensroy memory
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immediate, brief recoring of sensory info in memory system
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short-term meory
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actvated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a ohone mumber
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long=term memory
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relatively permamnet and limitless storehouse of the memory system- knowledge, skills, experiences
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working memory
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newer understanding of short term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information and of information retrieved from long-term memory
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central executing processor
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auditory and visual-spatial elements
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unconditioned response (UR_
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classical conditioning- unlearned, naturally occurring response to the US, such as salivation when food is in the mouth
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unconditioned stimulus (US)
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classical- stimulus that unconditionally- naturally or automatically- triggers a response
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conditioned response (CR)
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classical conditioning- learned response to a previously neutral (now conditinoned) stimulus
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conditioned stimulus
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classical- originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
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conditional reflex
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salivation/ now CR
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acquisition
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initial stage in classical conditioning, pphase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response. operant- strengthening reinforces a response
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extinction
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diminished responding that occurs when CS (tone) no longer signals an inmpending US (food)
-operant when response is no longer reinforced |
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spontaneous recovery
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reapearrance of a weakened CR after a pause of an extinguished conditioned response- supressing it, not eliminating it
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generalization
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the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for the stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
-adapticve -dog conditioned to that tone will respond to similar tone |
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discrimination
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learned ability to distiniguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not sigan an US
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cognitive processes
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thoguhts, perceptions, expectations
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iconic memory
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momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; photographic or picture image memory lasting no more that few tenths of a second
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echoic
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a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled w/in 3-4 seconds
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long term potential (LPT)
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an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. neural basis for learning and memory
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amnesia
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loss of emory
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implicit memory
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retention independent of conscious recollection (procedural memory)
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explicit memory
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memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare (declarative memory)
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hippocampus
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a neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage
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