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56 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
previous association, spontaneous response
Unconditioned response (UCR)
existing response to UCS
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
new stimulus, initially no response
Conditioned response (CR)
response to the CS
pairing two stimuli to form an association
CS --> UCS --> UCR
– After several pairings, response elicited by
CS without the UCS
CS --> CR
Instrumental/operant conditioning:
behavior followed by reinforcement or punishment
Reinforcement:
increase probability of behavior
Punishment:
decrease probability of behavior
Positive reinforcement?
Positive: stimulus given
Negative reinforcement:
Negative: stimulus taken away
Positive Punishment
aversive stimulus given, behavior decreases
Negative Punishment:
rewarding stimulus removed, behavior decreases
Reinforcement Positive:
rewarding stimulus given, behavior increases
engrams
physical representations of what had been learned
lateral interpositus nucleus (LIP)
• simple response: eye blink
• cells increase activity during learning
• suppressing LIP suppresses learning
• suppressing motor areas prevent
response, but not learning
Types of Memory
– Short-term memory
– Long-term memory
Short memory:
– Short has limited capacity; long does not
– Short fades quickly without rehearsal
– Once short is gone, gone forever; long can
be stimulated with a cue/hint
What is the memory theory:
Theory: short-term consolidated into longterm
Working memory
– Baddeley & Hitch: alternative to short-term
memory
– Temporary storage of information to
actively attend to it
delayed response task
respond to stimulus from a short while
ago
• prefrontal cortex important
Explicit (declarative) memory:
deliberate recall, one recognizes as memory
Implicit memory:
associations without realizing one is using memory
Semantic memory:
factual information
Episodic memory:
personal events, life experiences
Procedural memory:
motor skills, how to do things
Amnesia
“without memory”
– different kinds of memories
– hippocampus important
Anterograde amnesia:
cannot form new long-term memory
Retrograde amnesia:
loss of memories formed prior to damage
Henri Molaison (H.M.):
hippocampus removed to
prevent epileptic seizures
– afterwards, severe anterograde
amnesia
– retrograde amnesia as well
– working memory intact
Hippocampus is vital for?
Hippocampus vital to transition working memory into long-term
Results of Henri Molaison (H.M.) after Hippocampus removal:
– episodic memory gone
completely
– cannot form new declarative
memories
– implicit and procedural memory
intact
What is important for contextual learning?
– detail and context of an event
– related to episodic memory
Damage to hippocampus impairs what memories first?
Damage to hippocampus impairs recent
learning more than older learning
– more consolidated a memory, less it
depends on the hippocampus
Implicit and procedural learning allow what kind of learning?
– allow learning without declarative learning
Parkinson’s disease has damange to:
Parkinson’s disease: damage to basal ganglia
impairs implicit memory
Korsakoff’s syndrome:
prolonged thiamine
(vitamin B1) deficiency
– loss of / shrinkage of neurons
– chronic alcoholism
– apathy, confusion, forgetting, and
confabulation
(taking guesses to fill in gaps in memory)
Alzheimer’s disease:
progressive loss of memory (especially declarative memory) often occurring in old age
– trouble forming new memories
– procedural memory largely unaffected
Amyloid beta protein:
atrophy in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, others
tau protein:
intracellular support system of neurons
Plaques
clumps of amyloid beta, cells
Tangles
tau causes degenerating structures within a neuron
What does Prefrontal cortex and learning about rewards
and punishments do?
– learning to delay gratification for a better reward
Hebbian synapse:
stimulation of a cell by an axon leads to enhanced stimulation in the future
Hebbian synapse results in:
– “growth process or metabolic change”
– enhancement from simultaneous activity in
the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons
– may explain associative learning
Long-term potentiation (LTP):
– repeated stimulation of a synapse
– synapse “potentiated”
– for a period of time, neuron is more
responsive
• easier to fire an action potential
Specificity and Long-Term Potentiation:
only active synapses become strengthened
Cooperativity and Long-Term Potentiation:
simultaneous stimulation bytwo or more axons --> stronger LTP than repeated stimulation by a single axon
Associativity and Long-Term Potentiation
pairing weak and strong input enhances later responses to weak input
Long-term depression (LTD):
decrease in response at a synapse after prolonged inactivity
– opposite of LTP: as one synapse strengthens, another weakens
Postsynaptic Long-Term Potentiation
– receptors more responsive
– add more receptors
Presynaptic Long-Term Potentiation:
– decrease threshold of activation
– release more neurotransmitter
– expand axon terminals
– transmitter release from additional sites
Cerebral cortex important for long-term memory
– shift of memory from hippocampus to
cortex not well understood
LTP in hippocampus important for certain
types of what learning?
– short-term recall
Cerebral cortex important for long-term memory but is it well understood?
-shift of memory from hippocampus to cortex not well understood