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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is behaviourism? |
Focuses on behaviour rather than feelings- can predict behaviour in given situations. Understading of health behaviours. Typical behaviours are often learned. Modification of behaviour: treating anxiety, phobia, additions and OCD |
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What are the 2 key types of conditioning? |
1. Classical conditioning: respondent or pavlovian conditioning
2. Operant conditioning: instrumental or skinnerian conditioning. |
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What is an unconditioned stimulus that produces an unconditioned response? |
A biological innate reflex, (deep brain areas are effected e.g. the spinal cord and subcortical brain areas) |
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Give an example of the US giving UR: |
Presenting dog with food triggers salivation |
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How can a stimulus be conditioned to produce a conditioned response? |
Associate the codnitoned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus (one triggering an innate biological reflex) this results in the conditioned stimulus triggering the arrival of the US and thus produces a reponse. Bell ringing always followed by food- eventually removing food and just ringing bell will trigger salivation. |
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What are the characterisitics of the conditioned response? |
It is acquired, modifiable and less stable, extinctable cortical brain areas are invovled. |
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What is forward conditioning?
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Fastest learning Onset of CS precedes onset of the US in in order to signal that the US will follow. 2 forms are: Delay conditioning: CS and US overlap Trace conditioning: CS and US DONT overlap, CS begins and ends before the US is presented - stimulus free period is called the trace interval. |
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What is simultaneous conditioning? |
CS and US are presented and terminated at the same time |
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What is second order conditioning? |
2 step procedure: 1. Neutral stimulus comes to signal a US through foward conditioned 2. Second neutral stimulus is paired with the first and comes to yield its own conditioned respose |
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What is temporal conditioning? |
US is presented at regular intercals for instance every 10 minutes: conditioning occurs when the CR occurs shortly before each US- animals have a biological clock that can serve as CS |
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What is Extinction? |
A type of reinforcement behaviour where previously reinforced behaviours no longer produce a response. |
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How does the strength of the conditioned response change over time? |
CR becomes stronger over time before extinction occurs. |
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What does stimulus generalisation mean? |
Inducing a stimulus that evoke fear e.g. white rat will result in a fear developing of otehr similar white furry objects. Fear is generalised to similar stimuli. |
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Name 4 uses of behavioural therapy: |
1. Treatment for enuresis (bed wetting) 2. Aversion therapy (classical conditioning of fear) 3. Flooding (exposure therapy- treats phobias and post-traumatic stress disorder) 4. Systematic desensitisation
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Other than behavioural therapy, how can classical conditioning be useful? |
It conditioning a drug response or an emotional response. |
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Give an example of a conditioned emotional response: |
US (drug) produces an UR of nausea
Neutral stimulus (waiting room) plus US (drug) induces an UR (nausea)
CS (waiting room) induces CR (nausea) |
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What is systematic desensitisation? |
The most used behavioural method for reducing fear and anxiety Counterconditioning replacing fear response for a calm response Stimulus hierachy - bringing a person in gradual contact with the source of fear with relaxation exercises for each step. |
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What is Operant learning? |
Based on the consequences that an action has for an individual - change the probability of the action beign repeated. |
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Operant learning: describe the law of effect: |
Behaviour with satisfying consequence is reinforced- more likely to repeat
Behavour with unpleasant consequence is punished and less likely repeated |
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What are 3 forms of reinforcers? |
1. Reinforcement strengthens behaviour - positive reinforcement = adding pleasure, negative reinforcement = removing pain
2. Behaviour is diminished if punished: positive punsihment - adding pain, negative punishment, removing analgesia.
3. Extinction: previously reinforced heaviours no longer lead to a response. |
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What factors alter the response? |
1. Biological reasons (homeostasis): satiation and deprivation
2. Cost-benefit: lottery ticket buying trends depend on the jackpot size.
3. Neurochemical (dopamine) Immediacy vs. long term contigency/consistency |
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What is contingency? |
The schedule of reinforcement- whether continuous or partial. |
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What is conditinous reinforcement? |
Reinforcing desired response each time that is occurs. this results in rapid learning and extinction occurs rapidly. (easily on and easily off) |
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What is partial reinforcement? |
Where the reinforcement response is only present part of the time e.g. in gambling only win sometimes. This results in a slower acquision of response/learning Also a greater resistanct to extinction (better conditioning) |
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How can operant behaviour techniques be used as a therapy? |
1. State goal (lose weight) 2. Monitor behaviour (e.g. in log book) 3. Reinforce desired behaiviour (reward) 4. Reduce incentive for undesired behaviour remove food) |
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What is the social learning theory? |
States that an important form of learning is by observing and modelling the behaviours, attitudes and emotional reactions of others. |
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What was the Bobo doll experiment? |
Children watched a video of a well dressed woemn attacking a bobo doll. After the children were placed in a room with toys. 88% imitate the women's aggressive behaviour 4-% reproduce the behaviour 8 months later |
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What factoes make someone more likely to adopt a behaviour? |
1. Outcome that is valued. 2. Person observed is similar to themselves. 3. Person observed is admired. |
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How can observational learning/modelling be used as a therapy? |
Powerful tool to help patients overcome anxities- use role models to encourage behaviours and discourage unhealthy behaviours.
Children learn from adult beahviours so good role models are important. |
