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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which theory of speech production has received greater research support? |
Independent model |
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what are the three kinds of slip of the tongue errors? |
-Sound errors = mispronunciation -morpheme errors = misusing morphemes -word errors = vocabulary |
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Spoonerism |
an error in speech in which corresponding consonants, vowels, or morphemes are switched -ex: the Lord is a shoving leopard, instead of a Loving Shepherd |
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Emblem |
a nonverbal gesture that has a specific, generally understood VERBAL meaning -can vary across cultures -can stand on their own -behaviors with an EXACT VERBAL meaning |
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Illustrator |
nonverbal gesture that has a generally understood nonverbal meaning -behaviors that do not have an EXACT verbal meaning -must be used with verbal meanings to make sense
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how can gestures help us to think? |
-connection between motor system and processing spoken language -concrete physical actions rather than abstract meaning
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Linearization problem |
transforming a general thought or mental image into an ordered, linear sequence of words |
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prosody |
melody, intonation, rhythm, emphasis; word length, pauses can change the meaning of a sentence |
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characteristics of a narrative |
-time-related sequence -emotionally involving -goal to convey -words chosen carefully -entertaining
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Structure of a narrative |
-brief overview -summary of characters and setting -complicating action -point -resolution -final signal that the narrative is complete
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common ground |
occurs when conversationalists share similar background knowledge, schemas, and perspectives necessary for mutual understanding |
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Directives |
a sentence that requests someone do something |
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direct request |
asking individual personally
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indirect request |
using third party to make the request |
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framing |
creating mental structures that simplify reality |
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how does writing differ from public speaking? |
writing: -requires virtually every cognitive process -done in isolation -takes more time -uses more complex syntax -allows for more revision
Public speaking: -social factors are more central -requires company -quicker -uses less complex syntax -does not allow for revisions
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How does the phonological loop affect writing? |
seems to be an important factor when we write; when students were writing, they required significantly longer to remember syllables |
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How does the visuospatial sketchpad affect writing? |
The visual part is involved, but the spatial part is not usually involved. |
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How does the central executive affect writing? |
-active in virtually every phase of the writing process -coordinates planning -involved in sentence generation -oversees revision -limited capacity can make writing a stressful task |
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How does long-term memory affect writing? |
-semantic memory -expertise -schemas -knowledge about writing style required |
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Prewriting |
brainstorming phase: -generating a list of ideas -difficult and strategic -large individual differences -*good writers are more likely than poor writers to spend high quality time writing*
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Outlining |
-Resolving linearization problem -avoids overloaded attention |
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Sentence Generation |
translate ideas from pre-writing into actual sentences of the text |
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revision |
-emphasizing the importance of organization and coherence -reconsidering whether the writing accomplishes the goal of the assignment -should be time consuming -college students typically devote little time to revising -*effective writers use flexible revision strategies, and they make substantial changes* -metacognitions about the writing process seem to be inaccurate
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advantages of bilingualism |
-bilinguals acquire more expertise in their native language than monolinguals do -bilinguals are more aware that the names assigned to concepts are arbitrary -bilinguals outperform monolinguals on many other metalinguistic measures bilinguals excel at paying selective attention to relatively subtle aspects of a language task, ignoring more obvious linguistic characteristics -bilingual children are better at following complicated instructions and performing tasks in which the instructions change from one trial to the next -bilinguals perform better on concept formation tasks and on test of nonverbal intelligence that require reorganization of visual patterns -bilinguals score higher on problem-solving tasks that require them to ignore irrelevant information -bilingual children are more sensitive to some pragmatic aspects of language -bilingual adults who have dementia typically develop signs of dementia later than monolinguals with dementia
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Disadvantages of bilingualism |
-people who use two languages extensively may subtly alter how they pronounce some speech sounds in both languages -bilingual individuals may also process language slightly more slowly, in comparison to monolinguals -bilingual children may have somewhat smaller vocabularies for words that are used in a home setting |
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How is second-language proficiency in vocabulary affected by age of acquisition? |
Age of acquisition does not affect vocabulary |
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How is second-language proficiency in phonology (sounds of speech) affected by age of acquisition? |
Age of acquisition DOES influence mastery of phonology (pronunciation) |
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How is second-language proficiency in grammar affected by age of acquisition? |
Age of acquisition does not have a consistent relationship with mastery of English grammar |
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critical period hypothesis |
part of the debate over the extent to which the ability to acquire language is biologically linked to age -there is an ideal time window to acquire language; after this window, language acquisition becomes more difficult and requires more effort |
