Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the aim of the subject? |
Research principles of associative learning. Understanding of human and animal behaviour - principles of Pavlovian, Operant and observational. The subject aims to develop critical thikning perspective issues. |
|
|
What is the historical Background of L&B? |
Aristotle - laws of association Mind Body Dualism and Reflect (Descartes) British Empiricism Structuralism Functionalism Behaviourism - 5 schools |
|
|
What is learning? |
a relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour in that occurs as a result of experience |
|
|
What is Behaviour? Does it necessarily occur immediately for behaviour to emerge? |
Any Directly / Indirectly observable activity, an organism enages in sleeping/walking/ thinking/ salivating. Not immediate. |
|
|
What is the first aspect of historical background? |
Empiricism and the laws of association (Aristotle) |
|
|
What is Operant conditioning? |
Fill in |
|
|
What is classical conditioning? |
Fill in |
|
|
Who was Plato?
|
Knowledge is inborn (inate) - learning process of inner reflection - nativist, approach, nature). |
|
|
Who was Aristotle? What was his influence on L & B? |
Aristotle - plato's student - knowledge but inborn acquired through exp. (empiricist approach) |
|
|
What are the 4 Laws of Association? Who's work do they associate. |
1. Laws of Similarity eg. AFL - NRL 2. Law of Contrast Fat - skinny, up and down 3. Law of Contiguity eg. Stubbing toe - pain (co-occur in time and space) eg. Lightning and thunder. 4. Law of Frequency eg. Turn Key - opens door |
|
|
What is the Mind - body Dualism and the reflex (descartes) |
Middle of the last century many believed governed entirely by free will. |
|
|
Who was Descartes? |
1596 - 1650. Dualistic model of human nature Seperation of mind and body Body - Machine Metaphor (involuntary reflexive j External Stimulation - eg. Salivation - food Mind Choice - free will produce voluntary behaviour - choice of food we eat. |
|
|
What is Bristish Empiricists? Who was the 'founder'? |
British empiricist claimed all knowledge was acquired. John Locke |
|
|
wWho was John Locke? What is Tabula Rasa? |
Believed TB: the mind is a blank state. Environmental experience are written on the blank state. At Birth, the consciour mind is composed of as set of basis elements - eg tastes, sounds, smell. Through exp. these elements are combined into a set of though patterns and behaviours. |
|
|
What is structuralism? |
Did not take evolution into consideration.. Systematic experimental approach helped establish PSYCH as a science. |
|
|
Who was Edward Tichener? |
Noted: determine the structure of the mind by identifying the basic elements of its composition, postulated a passive mind. For example P's shown an apple and they would be asked to report brightness, hues rather than label as a apple. - Problems...did not take evolution into account. |
|
|
What is functionalism? |
Functional approach to the study of the mind - as apposed to the study of mental structures. |
|
|
Who is William James? What were the tenets of his work? |
Cannot be reduced to elements, need to study was a whole. Purpose of consciousness - facilitate interaction with the environment. Study of the utility of consciousness & Behaviour as use of adaptation to environment (Darwinian Approach). Study of animal behaviour - if human evolved from animals we can make inferences about human behaviour- basis of animal behaviour |
|
|
What is Behaviourism? |
Consciousness can be studied through introspection. Because this is unreliable... Limit study to observable phenomena - behaviour. Behaviourism - Psych study environmental influence of Seeable behaviour. |
|
|
What is the principle of parsimony? |
1. Adopt the simplest explanation for a phenomenon. 2. Don't attribute characteristics to animals... (morgan's cannon) 3. Watson - don't attribute human behaviours to cognitive processes. |
|
|
What is Methodological behaviours? |
study of observable behaviours. Subjective experience - thoughts, feelings, emotions. |
|
|
What is Watson's view? |
Human's born with fundamental reflexes & 3 emotions (love, rage, fear) everything else is learned. S-R theory learning involves establishing connection between stimulus & response. |
|
|
What is neobehaviourism? |
Hull. Internal events might mediate relationship between environment. Although unobservable, fear can be operationalised. can be seen. Physiological - fatigue and hunger |
|
|
Who is Hull? |
fill in |
|
|
What are the tenets of cognitive behaviourism? More Holistic. |
A hoslitic view of complex behaviour. Adopted that internal mediate - environments and behaviour - not internal reflection but (expectations) moving from hull's physiological response. |
|
|
What did the rat/maze experiment entail? |
fill in |
|
|
What is social learning theory? |
Behvarioual approach emphasising observational learning. Strongly influence by Hull (rejection of introspection) Tolman - global approach to understanding behaviour; distinguished between learning and performance. That Environment - internal events - behaviour influence each other. |
|
|
What is recoprocal determinsism |
that internal eg. thoughts, behaviour and environenment all influence each other. |
|
|
What is Radical Behaviourism? Who is BF Skinner? |
Emphasis on: environmental influence on behaviour. 2. rejects influence of internal events on behaviour. 3. Thoughts, feeling view as behaviour need to be exlplained. Fill in more |
|
|
Radical behaviourism continued.... |
Only method for changing internal events is through changing environment. eg. Calming behaviour for anxiety cannot be used by external stimuli - instructed to be calm helps. |
|
|
What is Skinner's legacy now? |
The principles of behaviour discovered through research applied to real word issues. eg. Clinical treatment of psych disorders. Anxiety, Depression, Phobias, Schizophrenia. Children with Developmental issues eg. Autism. Educational.... |
|
|
Go over lecture summary. |
fill in |
