Learning And Behavior Test 3 Gsu

Front 1

The statement that behavior is a function of its consequences. So called because the strength of a behavior depends on its past effects on the environment. Implicit in the law is the notion that operant learning is an active process because it is usually the behavior of the organism that, directly and indirectly, produces the effect

Back 1

Law of Effect

Front 2

Any procedure in which a behavior becomes stronger or weaker, depending on its consequences. AKA instrumental learning

Back 2

Operant Leaning

Front 3

The procedure of providing consequences for a behavior that increase or maintain the strength of that behavior.

Back 3

Reinforcement

Front 4

A reinforcement procedure in which a behavior is followed by the presentation of, or an increase in the intensity of, a stimulus. Sometimes called reward training, although the term reward is problematic.

Back 4

Positive reinforcement

Front 5

A reinforcement procedure in which a behavior is followed by the removal of, or a decrease in the intensity of, a stimulus. Sometimes called escape training

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Negative reinforcement

Front 6

A form of negative reinforcement in which the subject first leans to escape, and then to avoid, an aversive

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Escape-avoidance learning

Front 7

An operant training procedure in which performance of a behavior defines the end of a trial

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Discrete trials procedure

Front 8

An operant training procedure in which a behavior may be repeated any number of times

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Free operant procedure

Front 9

Any reinforcer that is not dependent on another reinforcer for its reinforcing properties

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Primary reinforcer

Front 10

Any reinforcer that has acquired its reinforcing properties through its association with other reinforcers

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Secondary reinforcer

Front 11

Any secondary reinforcer that has been paired with several different reinforcer

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Generalized reinforcer

Front 12

The essential elements of all operant learning often represented by the letters ABC, for antecedent, behavior, and consequences

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Three-term contingency

Front 13

In terms of operant training, the procedure of reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior

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Shaping

Front 14

In operant training, the procedure of establishing a behavior chain

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Chaining

Front 15

A series of related behaviors, the last of which produces reinforcement

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Behavior chain

Front 16

A chaining procedure in which training begins with the first link in the chain and adds subsequent links in order

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Forward chaining

Front 17

A chaining procedure in which training begins with the last link in the chain and adds preceding links in reverse order

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Backward chaining

Front 18

Anything that esetablishes conditions that improve the effectiveness of a reinforcer

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Motivating operation

Front 19

Formerly reward center, the neutral pathways believed to be associated with positive reinforcement. It is thought to be an area in the septal region, the area separating the two cerebral hemispheres and running from the middle of the brain to the frontal cortex

Back 19

Reward pathway

Front 20

In operant training, the procedure of withholding the reinforceers that maintain a behavior

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Extinction

Front 21

A sudden increase in the rate of behavior during the early stages of extinction

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Extinction burst

Front 22

The reappearance during extinction of a previously reinforced behavior

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Resurgence

Front 23

The theory of reinforcement that attributes a reinforcer's effectiveness to the reduction of a drive

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Drive-reduction theory

Front 24

Theory of reinforcement that considers reinforcers to be behaviors rather then stimuli and that attributes a reinforcer's effectiveness to its probability relative to other behaviors

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Relative value theory (Premack principle)

Front 25

The theory of reinforcement that says a behavior is reinforcing to the extent that the organism has been deprived of performing that behavior

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Response deprivation theory

Front 26

The view that avoidance and punishment involve two procedures- Pavlovian and operant learning

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Two-process theory

Front 27

The view that avoidance and punishment involve only one procedure- operant learning

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One-process theory

Front 28

A rule describing the delivery of reinforcers for a behavior

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Schedule of reinforcement

Front 29

A pause in responding following reinforcement, associated or primarily with FI and FR schedules

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Postreinforcement pause

Front 30

The rate at which a behavior occurs once it has resumed following reinforcement

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Run rate

Front 31

A reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced each time it occurs

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Continuous reinforcement

Front 32

A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is delivered independently of behavior at fixed intervals

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Fixed ratio schedule

Front 33

A reinforcement schedule in which, on average, every nth performance of a behavior is reinforced

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Variable ratio schedule

Front 34

A reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced the first time it occurs following a specified interval since the last reinforcement

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Fixed interval schedule

Front 35

A reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced the first time it occurs following an interval since the last reinforcement, with the interval varying around a specified average

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Variable interval schedule

Front 36

A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement in delivered independently of behavior at fixed intervals

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Fixed time schedule

Front 37

The tendency of a behavior to be more resistant to extinction following partial reinforcement than following continuous reinforcement

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Partial reinforcement effect (PRE)

Front 38

The proposal that the PRE is due to differences in the definition of a behavior during intermittent and continuous reinforcement

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Response unit hypothesis

Front 39

A complex reinforcement schedule in which two or more simple schedules alternate, with each schedule associated with particular stimulus

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Multiple schedule

Front 40

A complex reinforcement schedule that consists of a series of simple schedules, each of which is associated with a particular stimulus, with reinforcement delivered only on completion of the last schedule in the series

Back 40

Chain schedule

Front 41

A complex reinforcement schedule in which two or more simple schedules are available at the same time

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Concurrent schedule

Front 42

The principle that, given the opportunity to respond on two or more reinforcement schedules, the rate of responding on each schedule will match the reinforcement available on each schedule

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Matching law