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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Classical conditioning |
learning that one stimulus signals the arrival of another |
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Pavlov |
Russian physiologist who studied the digestive process in dogs -observed classical conditioning when dogs salivated |
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process of classical conditioning |
begin with UCS which leads to a UCR then a CS is paired with the UCS CR is similar to the UCR |
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unconditioned stimulus |
stimulus that elicits the reflexive response |
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unconditioned response |
response automatically elicited by the UCS |
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neutral stimulus |
does not naturally elicit to-be-conditioned response becomes conditioned stimulus |
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conditional response |
learned response to conditioned stimulus |
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acquisition |
the process of acquiring a new response a CR to a CS |
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extinction |
the disappearance of the CR when the USC no longer follows the CS |
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spontaneous recovery |
during the extinction the CR mysteriously increases in strength |
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stimulus generalization |
giving to the CR a stimulus similar to the CS adaptive process |
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stimulus discrimination |
learning to give the CR only to the CS |
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Garcia affect |
taste aversion occurs rapidly one bad experience |
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instinctual drift |
tendency of an animal to drift back from learned operant response to an instinctual response organisms will learn certain associations easier (things closer to nature, more easily) |
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operant conditioning |
learning to to associate behaviors with their consequences |
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Thorndike's Law of Effect |
any behavior that results in satisfying consequences will be repeated and vice versa |
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reinforcement |
a stimulus that increases the probability of a prior stimulus process by which the probability of a response is increased |
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punishment |
a stimulus that decreases the probability of a prior response probability decreases |
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positive |
stimulus presented/added |
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negative |
stimulus removed/subtracted |
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appetitive |
pleasing |
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aversive |
unpleasing |
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primary reinforcer |
naturally occurring reinforcement food, sex, social interaction |
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secondary reinforcer |
not innately reinforcing, but gains properties through learning money |
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shaping |
occurs when an animal is trained to make a particular response by reinforcing successfully closer to the desired response |
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discriminitive stimulus |
must be present for operant response to be reinforced |
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stimulus generalization |
giving the operant response in the same presence of stimulus similar to the discriminative |
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continuous schedule |
reinforcing every response |
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partial schedule |
reinforcing part of the time |
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ratio schedule |
based on number of responses |
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interval schedule |
amount of time |
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drive-reduction theory |
proposes that first a bodily need creates a state of bodily tension, then a behavior works to reduce this drive by obtaining reinforcement to eliminate this need we are pushed into action by unpleasant states |
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incentive theory |
proposed we are pulled into action by incentives, external environmental stimulus that do not involve reduction |
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arousal theory |
contends that our behavior is motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal, varies level of arousal impacts our performance level |
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extrinsic |
desire to perform behavior to obtain an external reinforcement |
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intrinsic |
desire to perform behavior for its own sake |
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Pen study |
kids rewarded for playing with markers |
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over-justification effect |
occurs when there is a decrease in an intrinsically motivated behavior after the behavior is extrinsically reinforced and then the reinforcement is discontinued |
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latent learning |
learning occurs, but us not demonstrated until there is incentive to do so |
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observational learning |
modeling learning by observing others and imitating their behavior |
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mirror neuron |
fires when watching/hearing someone |
