Learning

Front 1

Classical conditioning

Back 1

We associate 2 stimuli and anticipate events (e.g. lightning = we brace ourselves)

Front 2

Operant conditioning

Back 2

We associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence

Front 3

John B. Watson

Back 3

Pioneer of behaviorism; classical conditioning; Little Albert & fear of white rat

Front 4

Neutral stimulus (NS)

Back 4

Elicits no response before conditioning

Front 5

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Back 5

Classical conditioning; unconditionally (naturally and automatically) triggers a response (UR)

Front 6

Unconditioned response (UR)

Back 6

Classical conditioning; unlearned, naturally occurring response (salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (food in the mouth)

Front 7

Conditioned response (CR)

Back 7

Classical conditioning; a learned response to a previously NS

Front 8

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Back 8

Classical conditioning; an originally irrelevant stimulus that, paired with an US, comes to trigger a CR

Front 9

Spontaneous recovery

Back 9

The reappearance of a once-extinguished conditioned response

Front 10

Generalization vs. discrimination

Back 10

Overgeneralizing stimuli or the ability to distinguish between stimuli

Front 11

B. F. Skinner

Back 11

Operant conditioning;

Front 12

Edward L. Thorndike

Back 12

Law of effect: "Rewarded behavior is likely to recur"

Front 13

Operant chamber (Skinner box)

Back 13

Box with food lever and a measuring device that records the animal's responses

Front 14

Primary reinforcer

Back 14

Innately reinforcing stimulus (satisfies a biological need)

Front 15

Conditioned reinforcer

Back 15

Secondary reinforcer; money, praise, etc.

Front 16

Continuous reinforcement (#1)

Back 16

Constant

Front 17

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

Back 17

Sometimes reinforced; slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than continuous reinforcement

Front 18

Fixed-ratio schedules

Back 18

Reinforced after a set # of responses

Front 19

Variable-ratio schedules

Back 19

Reinforced after unpredictable # of responses; "every so many"

Front 20

Fixed-interval schedules

Back 20

Reinforced after a fixed time period

Front 21

Variable-interval schedules

Back 21

Reinforced whenever; "every so often"

Front 22

Respondent behavior

Back 22

Respond automatically to classical conditioning

Front 23

Operant behavior

Back 23

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

Front 24

Spontaneous recovery

Back 24

The reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished CR

Front 25

Latent learning

Back 25

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Front 26

Extrinsic motivation

Back 26

Desire to form for rewards or to avoid punishment

Front 27

Mirror neurons

Back 27

Frontal lobe neurons believed to fire when performing observed behaviors

Front 28

Albert Bandura

Back 28

Bobo doll;

Front 29

Prosocial vs. antisocial effects

Back 29

Positive, helpful mirrored behavior vs. aggressive, violent observed behavior