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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Generalization |
The tendency for a stimulus that's similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response similar to the conditioned response |
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Discrimination |
Occurs during classical conditioning when an organism learns to make a particular response to some stimuli but not to others |
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Extinction |
Procedure in which a condition stimulus is repeatedly presents with at the unconditioned stimulus, as a result, the conditioned stimulus tends to no longer elicit the conditioned response |
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Spontaneous recovery |
Tendency for the conditioned response to reappear after being extinguished, even though there have been no further conditioning trials |
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Reinforcement |
Consequence that occurs after a behavior, increases the chance that the behavior will occur again |
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Primary vs secondary reinforcement |
Primary reinforcers- stimulus such as food, water, sex. Innately satisfying and requires no learning on the part of the subject to become pleasurable. Secondary reinforcers- are learned, such as by being paired with primary reinforcers or other secondary reinforcers |
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Positive vs negative reinforcement |
Positive reinforcement- refers to the presentation of a stimulus that increases the probability a behavior will occur again. Negative reinforcement- refers to an adverse of stimulus who's removal increases the likelihood that the preceding response will occur again |
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Punishment + & - |
Positive punishment- presenting an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus after response Negative reinforcement- removing a reinforcing stimulus after a response |
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Schedules of reinforcement? 4 types? |
1. Fixed ratio schedule- a reinforcer occurs only after a fixed number of responses are made by the subject 2. Fixed interval schedule- a reinforcer occurs after the first response that occurs after a fixed interval of time 3. Variable ratio schedule- a reinforcer is delivered after a average number of correct responses have occurred 4. Variable interval schedule- reinforcer occurs after the first correct response after an average amount of time has passed |
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Shaping (operant conditioning) |
Reinforcement of simple steps leading to a desire complex Behavior |
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Successive approximation (operant conditioning) |
Small steps, one after another, that lead to a particular goal behavior |
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Observational learning- types of models |
Live:in person Verbal: behavior is explained Symbolic: Behavior demonstrated in books, movie , TV, video games, etc |
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Four elements of observational learning |
1. Attention - the learner must pay attention to the model 2.memory- the learner must also be able to retain the memory of what was done such as remembering the steps in preparing a dish that were first seen on a cooking show 3.imitation- the letter must be capable of reproducing or imitating the actions of the model 4.motivation- the letter must have the desire to perform the action |
