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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe these examples of Classical Conditioning:
US CS UR CR |
US: Unconditioned Stimulus
Meat Power CS: Conditioned Stimulus Bell UR: Unconditioned Response Salivation to US CR: Conditioned Response Salivation to CS |
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What does Forward Conditioning refer to?
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The CS must precede the US for conditioning to occur.
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Which temporal relationship of the CS-US presentation is most effective?
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Delay Conditioning is the best where presentation of the CS precedes presentation of the US by 0.5 seconds and the CS overlaps the US.
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Is the CR always weaker than the UR, despite number of pairing trials?
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Yes, CR always remains weaker.
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Classical Extinction refers to what?
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Elimination of the CR through repeated exposures to the CS without the US.
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What does Stimulus Generalization refer to?
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Appearance of the CR to a CS that is similar to, but not the same as the original CS.
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What is Stimulus Discrimination and what can it lead to?
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It is the opposite of Stimulus Generalization and if the subject is trying to discriminate between two very similar stimuli, they may display "Experimental Neurosis".
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What does Higher Order Conditioning refer to?
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Conditioning a 2nd or 3rd CS to the original CS. Subsequent pairings are usually less intense.
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Explain Reciprocal Inhibition, which is a type of counterconditioning?
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Pairing an incompatible behavior with a maladaptive response to extinguish the maladaptive response.
e.g. relaxation instead of anxiety |
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Explain Systematic Desensitization and its four stages
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Pairing relaxation with anxiety provoking events.
1. Relaxation Training 2. Create hierarchy of anxiety provoking events. 3. Desensitization in Imagination 4. In Vivo desensitization |
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Utilizing the Dismantling Strategy to study Systematic Desensitization, what did researchers find in regard to the "active ingredient" of this method of intervention?
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Exposure creates change, not the relaxation or incompatible response techniques.
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What is Aversive Counterconditioning?
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Pairing the CS (fetish object) with an aversive stimulus or US (shock) to create a CR/UR of pain, that will decreased the unwanted behavior (masturbation).
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What does research say about the effectiveness of Aversion therapy?
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1. High relapse rates
2. Limited generalizability 3. Better when aversive stimulus is similar to the target behavior. |
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What is Covert Sensitization?
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A type of counterconditioning in where the patient is asked to imagine an aversive condition and having an aversive response to it, then to imagine a "relief scene" of the post-treatment scenario.
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What has research found with the In Vivo exposure technique.
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1. Massed exposure is more effective.
2. Brief exposure can actually reinforce the anxiety. 3. Using a tranquilizer during exposure can help. 4. Self-controlled exposure can be as effective as psychologist lead and group exposure is as effective as individual. 5. Exposure and response prevention are both needed. |
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Describe Implosive Therapy
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1. Always done through imagination.
2. Come from psychodynamic therapy and uses symbolic gestures of sexual and aggressive impulses. |
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What has research said about EMDR?
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It is effective for PTSD, but unrelated to the eye movements and should be considered an imaginal exposure technique.
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Thorndike's Law of Effect states what?
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Any response followed by a satisfying state of affairs is likely to be repeated.
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What did Thorndike learn about the effect of negative consequences on behavior?
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They have little to no effect.
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What is Response Burst?
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The initial increase in behavior following withholding of reinforcement in Operant Extinction.
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In Operant Conditioning, money would be an example of what type of reinforcer?
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Generalized Condition Reinforcer
(a secondary reinforcer that can be used to gain a primary reinforcer) |
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In Operant Conditioning, tokens, applause, and stickers would be an example of what type of reinforcer?
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Secondary
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In Operant Conditioning, food and water would be an example of what type of reinforcer?
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Primary
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Which type of reinforcement schedule is best to acquire a new behavior?
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Continuous Schedule
which is also susceptible to satiation and a high rate of extinction |
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What type of reinforcement schedule is most resistant to extinction?
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Intermittent or Variable Schedule
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What is a Fixed Interval Schedule and what is the Scallop Effect?
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Subject receives reinforcement after a fixed time period.
Scallop Effect refers to displaying the target behavior only close to the time when reinforcement is suspected (right before paychecks come out) |
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What is a Variable Interval Schedule and what type of behavior in displayed when it is used?
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Reinforcement provided after varying amount of time.
It leads to a steady, but weak rate of responding. |
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What is a Fixed Ratio Schedule and what type of behavior in displayed when it is used?
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Reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of responses.
Leads to a high and stable rate of responding. |
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What is a Variable Ratio Schedule and what type of behavior in displayed when it is used?
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Reinforcement is provided after a variable number of responses.
Leads to the highest rate of responding that is the most resistant to extinction. |
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How does Operant Conditioning explain Superstitious Behavior?
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This type of behavior occurs when accidental, non-contingent reinforcement is provided. It leads to a misbelief about what behavior was reinforced.
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What does Stimulus Control refer to?
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A type of two-factor learning where the behavior only occurs when in the presence of a positive discriminating stimulus (hit lever only with a green light, not a red light).
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What does chaining refer to?
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Establishment of a string of behaviors where each separate behavior is essential to create the end product.
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Skinner referred to the "Three-term Contingency" which is what?
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Stimulus-Behavior-Reward
He said this explains almost all complex behavior. It is dependent upon Stimulus Control theory. |
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What is Escape Conditioning?
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Behavior is established because it leads to the escape of a negative reinforcer.
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What is Avoidance Conditioning?
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Two-Factor learning that pairs a positive discrimination stimulus with a negative reinforcer. Eventually, the subject learns to display a behavior to avoid the negative reinforcement (usually an aversive stimulus)
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When is a Response Burst most likely to happen?
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Within Operant Extinction
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What does Operant Extinction refer to?
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Withholding reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior.
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Avoidance and Escape Conditioning are both types of what?
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Negative Reinforcement
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What are the factors that influence the effectiveness of Operant Conditioning?
Hint: SIC MVP |
Schedule of Reinforcement
Immediacy Contingency Magnitude Verbal Clarification Prompts |
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What does "fading" refer to within the context of Operant Conditioning?
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The gradual removal of a prompt (discriminative stimulus). e.g. Not having to tell child to clean their room anymore.
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What does "thinning" refer to in the context of Operant Conditioning?
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The reducing of reinforcement when changing from a continuous reinforcement to an intermittent one.
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What does "satiation" refer to in the context of Operant Conditioning?
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When a reinforcer looses its reinforcing value. Primary reinforcers reach satiation before Secondary reinforcers.
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What does "contingency" refer to in the context of Operant Conditioning?
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Contingency is one factor for the effectiveness of reinforcement. It refers to the availability of the reinforcement being contingent, or only available, when the behavior has been demonstrated.
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What does "shaping" refer to?
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Reinforcing successive approximations to the desired behavior.
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What is the main difference between chaining and shaping?
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In shaping, only the final behavior is of interest whereas in chaining, every step of the process is important (baking a cake)
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What is the Premack Principle and when is it useful?
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It is using a known high probability behavior (watching TV) to reinforce a low probability behavior (studying).
It is most useful when it is hard to identify what stimulus would act as a good reinforcer. |
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Differential Reinforcement is a combination of what?
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Positive Reinforcement and Extinction
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What does Differential Reinforcement refer to?
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Reinforcing all behaviors except for the target behavior.
e.g. reinforce playing with toys and not stereotyped hand movements (which is the target behavior) |
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What factors determine the effectiveness of Punishment?
Hint: My "CV" does not include "II" "RR" jobs |
Consistency
Verbal Clarification Intensity (apply with moderation) Immediacy Removal of All Positive Reinforcement Reinforcement of Alternative Behaviors |
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What are the shortcomings of Punishment?
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1. Only suppresses behavior and does not eliminate it.
2. Effects are short-term 3. Effects are limited to the situation in which they were applied. 4. It is associated with negative side effects including aggressiveness, negative behaviors and escape/avoidance behaviors, fear of the punisher. |
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What does "Overcorrection" refer to?
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It is a form of positive punishment that entails
1.Correction of any negative effects of the behavior. 2. Positive practice of more appropriate behaviors. |
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What are 4 types of common punishment?
Hint: VORT |
1. Verbal Reprimands
2. Overcorrection 3. Response Cost 4. Time-Out from Reinforcement |
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Response Cost is a type of punishment. What does it refer to?
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It is a type of negative punishment.
The best example would be fines. |
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What factors influence the effectiveness of Extinction?
Hint: MRi of the SCull |
1. Magnitude and Duration of Reinforcement.
2. Reinforcement for Other Behaviors. 3. Schedule of Reinforcement. 4. Consistency |
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The memorization technique involving remembering items through associating them with visual map of familiar places, is called what?
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Method of Loci
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What is the relationship "what letter" of arousal to learning and what is the name of the law that refers to this principle?
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It is a "U" shaped relationship. Too much or too little arousal is not optimal. This is referred to as the Yerkes-Dodson Law.
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What is the D and E in the ABCs of REBT?
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D is the therapists effort to change the patient's irrational beliefs.
E is the alternative thoughts and beliefs that result from D |
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Describe the following cognitive distortions:
1. Arbitrary Inference 2. Overgeneralization 3. Selective Abstraction 4. Personalization 5. Polarized Thinking 6. Emotional Reasoning |
1. Drawing conclusions w/o evidence
2. Broad generalization from one event 3. Attending to detail while ignoring the total content. 4. Erroneously attributing external events to oneself 5.Thinking in dichotomous either/or ways. 6. Finding fact because one "feels" that way |
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What are the three aspects of Rehm's Self-Control Therapy?
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Self-monitoring: Depressed people selectively attend to negative events.
Self-evaluation: They make inaccurate internal attributions and have rigid expectations. Self-Reinforcement: Depressed individuals have low rates of self-reward and high self-punishment |
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What is Self-Instructional Training
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Developed by Meichenbaum to help impulsive and hyperactive children perform tasks more successfully. Incorporates improving internal language control through modeling external language.
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What does Stress Inoculation entail?
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Helping people cope with stressful situations through:
1. Learning cognitive and behavioral coping strategies. 2. Having the patient practice the newly acquired skills through imagined, filmed and in vivo stress-producing situations. |
