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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the difference between a rabbit and a hare?
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Hares are born ready to run, fully furred. Rabbits are dependent on parents for 1st 3 weeks.
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What are rabbits used for commercially?
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Meat and fur.
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What are rabbits used for in research?
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Cosmetics(?), immunology, drugs, orthopedics, models for TSS.
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Average weight of a rabbit?
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2-18 lbs
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When do rabbits molt?
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The fall.
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What and where are the rabbits incisors called?
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Upper -they have 2 front teeth and 2 peg teeth, lower -they have 2 front teeth.
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When do a rabbits teeth need to be trimmed?
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Only if they're maloccluded.
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What are night stools commonly called and what are they?
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"Cecal stools". They are ingested directly from the anus and are soft. *if you see them they may not be feeling well.
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What species are rabbits?
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Lagomorphs - because of their 2 front peg teeth.
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How can you hold a rabbit?
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Football hold, scruff hold & support rump or abdomen, bunny burrito.
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How do you place a rabbit back in their cage?
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Hind end first.
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What do you feed a rabbit?
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High fiber rabbit pellets, fresh greens, free choice grass hay, small amounts of fresh fruits.
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What type of greens should be avoided for rabbits?
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Light colored - iceberg lettuce and alfalpha.
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What types of food should be avoided for rabbits?
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High starch foods: crackers, oats, corn & wheat.
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What type of estrus cycle do rabbits have?
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Said not to have one. They are induced ovulators. Ovulation occurs after copulation.
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What are some signs of rabbit estrus?
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Red, swollen vulva, hop around - rub their chins on everything (scent gland there).
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How do you sex a rabbit?
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Males:expose penis & see a round opening. Females:when exposed they have a slit, not a round opening.
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What are male/female/baby rabbits called?
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Buck/doe/kits.
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What can occur with an intact female rabbit?
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Uterine cancer.
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How do you diagnose a rabbit pregnancy?
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Palpate marble-sized babies @14 days. Hair pulling occurs during the last 3-4 days of pregnancy.
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What is rabbit parturition called?
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Kindling.
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What is unusual about rabbit parturition?
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Babies can be born up to 3 dyas apart, usually with no complications.
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Characteristics of rabbits post-parturition.
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Young are born hairless, eyes & ears closed. Doe has no retrieving instinct. Don't disturb. Does nurse 5-10 mns, 2Xs a day.
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How often does a doe nurse?
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5-10 mns. 2 times a day.
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What are some signs of rabbits dystocia?
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Straining with no babies produced, anorexia, fever, smelly bloody discharge.
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What can cause pseudopregnancy?
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Infertile matings can induce ovulation. Generally lasts 15-17 days and may pull fur from their dewlap for 10-14 days.
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Where can you bleed a rabbit?
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Marginal ear vein, central ear artery (auricular artery), jugular, cephalic, lateral saphenous, vena cava.
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Where is the marginal ear vein located?
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Caudal exterior portion of the pinna.
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How do you collect blood from the marginal ear vein?
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Occlude vein at base of ear, use 25-22ga needle (very superficial, don't go thru pinna), collect blood from needle hub w/hematocrit tube.
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Where is the central ear artery located?
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On the exterior surface of the pinna - runs along the center or just off center of the pinna.
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How do you collect blood from the central ear artery?
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Don't occlude vessel! Use butterfly catheter & drip into a tube. Hold off for 30-40 sec & monitor for another mn.
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Drug administration sites for a rabbit.
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IM (lumbar, quad), SQ, IV (cephalic, saphenous), intraosseus, oral, nasogastric tube.
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Do you withhold food before anesthesia for rabbits?
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Yes, 2-4 hours before.
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Why should you house rabbits in a cooler environment (68*)?
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They can get heatstroke. Provide shade and water if housed outdoors.
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Signs of malocclusion in rabbits?
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Difficulty chewing food, anorexia (check for droppings).
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What is one of the most common diseases of rabbits?
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Enteritis.
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What are signs of enteritis?
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Anorexia, soft-diarrhea type stools.
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Treatment for enteritis.
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Hi-fiber foods, fluids, motolity stimulating drugs, stress reduction.
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Why do rabbits get hairballs?
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Their pyloris is to small to pass them and they are unable to throw up.
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What can you do to avoid hairballs?
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Keep them on a high fiber diet.
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What internal parasites can rabbits get?
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Coccidia, pinworms.
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Should you clean a rabbits ears?
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No, their eardrums are extremely friable.
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What external parasites do rabbits get?
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Ear mites, fleas, cheylitella, cuterebra warbles.
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What external rabbit parasite is zoonotic?
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Cheylitella.
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How do you treat ear mites?
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Ivermectin injection, topical application, flea powder in ears, clean environment.
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How do you treat cheylitella?
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Ivermectin injections, flea powder, treat environment! It's zoonotic!
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How do you treat cuterebra warbles?
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Surgically remove the larva and supportive therapy. Larva penetrates rabbits subcutaneous space and grows.
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What causes rabbit syphilis (vent disease)?
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It's a contagious sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochete Treponema paralunis-cuniculi.
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What does pasteurellosis cause in rabbits?
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Abscesses and snuffles.
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How do you treat abscesses?
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Drain & flush, systemic antibiotics, isolate animal.
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How do rabbits contract snuffles?
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Fomites, direct contact, aerosol.
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Signs of snuffles.
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Nasal discharge, sneezing, rhinitis/sinusitis, conjunctivitis, rattles on auscultation.
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What is otitis media in rabbits?
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A purulent exudate present deep in the ear canal.
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Signs of otitis media.
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Asymptomatic, rhinitis, scratching at ears. If spread to innter ear-ataxia, nystagmus.
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What is nystagmus?
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Eye twitching.
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What is the color of normal rabbit urine?
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Clear to brown.
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What are signs of bladder stones in rabbits.
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Depression, anorexia, weight loss, lethargy, hematuria, straining, urine scale.
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What can be a cause of bladder stones?
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Too much alfalfa hay - too much calcium.
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What other animals are included in the ferret family?
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Weasels, mink, badgers & skunk.
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Are ferrets considered domestic animals in the US?
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No.
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What were ferrets used for in the past?
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Hunters.
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What are ferrets used for in research?
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Toxicology and infectious disease studies.
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What's the average weight of a ferret?
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Males:3-6lbs. Females:2-3lbs.
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How long do ferrets live?
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US:4-8yrs. Great Britian:12yrs.
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What's unusual about a ferrets claws?
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They are not retractable. They are used for traction and digging.
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Where does the ferrets smell come from?
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The sebaceous secretion of the skin-it's why descenting doesn't work.
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What part of the GI tract is a ferret missing?
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The cecum.
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When do ferrets molt?
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In the spring and fall.
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Do ferrets have good eyesight?
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No, they rely on hearing & their sense of smell. They are only aware of rapid movements.
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When do ferrets get their true colors?
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At 3 weeks. They can be albino, sable or fitch.
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Can ferrets be litterbox trained?
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Yes, but have multiple ones-they have a short GI time (3-4hours).
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What can you do to "ferret-proof" a house?
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Block off all holes, cover the underside of furniture, avoid access to foreign objects.
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Should you house a ferret next to other rodents?
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No, their smell can cause panic.
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How often should you bathe a ferret?
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Not very often (no more than once a month), it can strip essential oil from the skin and cause pruritis.
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Should you feed ferrets sugary food?
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No, but they love it.
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What do you need to supplement a ferrets diet with?
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Hairball remedy 1-2mls every 2-4 days for nutrition, not hairballs.
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How do restrain a ferret?
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Scruff & suspend in air, distraction. Do not use leather gloves, can't feel well.
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What should be done 1st in a ferrets physical?
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Take their temp.
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How often should a ferret get a physical?
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Annually until 4yrs, then twice a year.
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What vaccines should you give ferrets?
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Distemper every 3-4 wks until 14 mths, then yearly and rabies at 3 mths, then annually.
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When do ferrets hit puberty?
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At 4-8 mths.
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What type of estrous cycles do ferrets have?
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They are seasonally polyestrus (March-Aug.) & are induced ovulators.
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What are male/female/baby ferrets called?
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Hob/Jill/Kits.
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How do you bleed a ferret?
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Often need sedation to do. Lateral saphenous, cephalic veins, jugular veins, anterior vena cava.
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When should you neuter/spay a ferret?
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By 4-6 months, some do it as early as 6-8 weeks.
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How do you descent a ferret?
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Remove their anal glands, usually at 5-6 weeks. Doesn't truly descent them!
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Should you withhold food before putting a ferret under anesthesia?
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Yes, for 4 hours before - but no more than 6 hours.
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What are some signs of canine distemper in ferrets?
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Upper respiratory infection, lesions around mouth & chin, seizures, anorexia, depression & death.
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How is canine distemper (ferrets) transmitted?
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Aerosol, direct contact (nasal/conjunctival exudates, urine, feces, skin, fomites).
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What are some signs of human influenza in ferrets?
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Sneezing, watery eye, nasal discharge, lethargy, anorexia &enteritis.
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How is human influenza (ferrets) transmitted?
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Aerosol. Owner to ferret, ferret to ferret & ferret to owner.
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Is human influenza zoonotic?
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Yes
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What disease are ferrets used to test for?
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Human influenza
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What external parasites affect ferrets?
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Ear mites, sarcoptic mange and fleas.
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What fungal disease do ferrets get?
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Ringworm
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Is heartworm a problem for ferrets?
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Yes, one heartworm can kill a ferret - they are so small.
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Signs of heartworm in a ferret.
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Lethargy, coughing, dyspnea, ascites.
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What 5 factors can predispose ferrets to cancer?
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Genetic influences, early neutering (?), natural photoperiod not obtained, diet, & infectious agents.
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What does a benign tumor look like?
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It's usually a ball, more contained.
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What does a malignant tumor look like?
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"Fingers", they move out to other parts.
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What can lymphoma affect in a ferret?
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Lymph nodes, spleen, liver, lungs, bone, kidney, intestine & skin.
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What are some signs of a mast cell tumor in a ferret?
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Usually involve the skin-raised/hairless tumors, usually unpigmented, ulcerartion may occur.
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How do you treat ferret lymphoma?
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Chemotherapy- prognosis is guarded.
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How do you treat ferret mast cell tumors?
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Surgically remove.
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What is hyperestrogenism in ferrets?
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An increase in estrogen levels, which leads to anemia &/or panleukopenia. Due to continual heat (estrus).
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What area some signs of ferret hyperestrogenism?
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Bilateral alopecia, swollen vulva, weakness, anorexia, depression & pale mucous membranes.
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What is hyperadrenocortism?
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It's caused by cortisol secreted from an adrenal gland tumor.
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What are some signs of ferret hyperadrenocortism?
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Spayed female (4+), seasonally bilateral alopecia, enlarged vulva, +- vulvar dicharge, anemia, occasional pruritis.
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How do you treat hyperadrenocortism?
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Surgical remove tumor.
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What is insulinoma in ferrets?
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Pancreatic tumors screte insulin, which leads to hypoglycemia.
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What are some signs of insulinoma in ferrets?
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Weakness/collapse, depression, paralysis of hind limbs, +- weightloss. They look drunk.
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What are chinchillas used for in research?
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Auditory studies. They are large ears with large bullae allowing access to middle ear. Hearing sensitivity is similar to humans.
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Where do chinchillas come from?
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The Andes Mountains in South America.
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What is unusual about chinchillas' teeth?
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Their incisors grow 2-3 inches a year.
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What's the average weight of a ferret?
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Male:400-500 grams
Female:400-600 grams |
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What are some characteristics of a chinchilla?
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Quiet & shy, agile, usually active during the day, odorless, copraphagic.
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How do you restrain a chinchilla?
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Anticipate jumping, scruff & hold under abdomen, tuck head under arm, use a towel. Don't grab a running chinchilla-can pull off hair.
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What is "fur-slip"?
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When patches of hair and skin slip off the animal.
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What makes chinchilla pellets different from rabbit and guinea pigs?
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It is longer, easier for them to hold in their forepaws.
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What should be offered to chinchillas to help wear down their teeth?
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Pumice stone, small tree branches.
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What should a chinchillas housing consist of?
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Multi-levels, PVS pipes, hide box. Should be made of wire, may chew through wood cage.
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What environment do chinchillas like?
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Less than 50% humidity, temp between 50-68*F. Over 80* can cause heat stroke.
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What is a dust bath?
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Made of ash to remove dirt and oil from coat.
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How do you give a chinchilla a dust bath?
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Put in small pan, leave in cage ~1hr, they will roll around in it.
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How do you sex a chinchilla?
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Anogenital distance is further in males. Females have large urinary papilla (clitoris). Females larger.
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What are chinchilla newborns like?
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Precocious, eyes & ears open at birth, fully furred w/ teeth, walk w/in 1hr after birth, solid w/in 1wk.
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Is is easy to bleed a chinchilla?
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No.
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Where can you obtain blood from a chinchilla?
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Nail clip (sm.amt.), cardiac (terminal), jugular, cephalic, saphenous, vena cava, femoral (blind stick).
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Do you need to fast chinchillas before anesthesia?
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No.
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What can cause conjunctivitis?
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Excessive dust bathing, poor husbandry, contaminated water.
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How do you treat conjunctivitis?
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Restrict dust bath to 15-30mn/day, change type of dust bath, protective ophthalmis ointment.
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What internal parasites can affect chinchillas?
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Cryptosporidium, giardia.
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What causes constipation in chinchillas?
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Diet high in protein w/out adequate roughage, obesity, intestinal obstruction.
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What can you do to treat constipation in chinchillas?
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Increase amt of fiber in diet-gradual addition of fruits & veg, decrease amt of grains or raisin.
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What's the most common reason for a chinchilla to visit a vet?
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Constipation.
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What causes chinchilla diarrhea?
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Inappropriate feeding (over-feeding of fresh grains, poor quality hay, sudden change in diet), stress, bacterial or parasitic infection.
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What does small bowel diarrhea look like?
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Large amounts, less frequent and a bad odor.
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What does large bowel diarrhea look like?
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Smaller amounts, more frequent, may contain mucous or frank blood.
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What is fur-ring?
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Ring of hair around penis & prepuce that eventually stops the penis from retracting into the prepuce.
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What can fur-ring cause?
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Pain, urethral constriction, urine retention, infection, severe damage to penis.
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What are some signs of fur-ring?
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Excessive grooming, produce small frequent amount of urine, straining to urinate.
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How do you treat fur-ring?
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Anesthesia, apply sterile lubricant to area, cut & rool fur-ring off penis.
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What temp can cause heatstroke in a chinchilla?
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Ove 80*, especially is humidity levels are high.
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What are some signs of heatstroke in chinchills?
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Bright pink or red ears & mucous membranes, rectal temp greater than 103*F.
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How do you treat heatstroke?
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Immerse in tepid baths, IV fluids. Avoid putting cages in sunny windows or radiator.
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