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LCSW Practice

Lcsw Practice

by akpomerantz, Jun. 2015

Subjects: lcsw

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155 Cards in this Set

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	The 1960s federal policy of involving neighborhood residents in self-directed community organization activities and in the determination of program policy is called...	maximum feasible participation
	The first wave of Cuban immigration to the United States (1952) was generally characterized as...	middle class and of European extraction
	What is codeine?	Codeine is a type of narcotic medication. Narcotics are drugs that provide pain relief and often make a person feel sleepy. They may also dull the senses and cause changes in both mood and behavior. Codeine is used for treating pain that ranges in intensity from mild to severe.
	Piaget identified one barrier to the development of logical thinking as a child's tendency to concentrate on only one detail of an object or situation and ignore all other aspects. This barrier is called...	Centration
	What is TANF?	the recently instituted welfare reform bill entitled Temporary Assistance to Needy Families that limits the duration of welfare benefits.
	The long range objective of community organization practice techniques is to...	reduce dependency and promote independent action.
	Creating some discomfort is a strategy that would most likely be used by the social worker when treating...	a client with passive-aggressive personality.
	What is Munchausen's Syndrome?	A type of factitious disorder in which a person repeatedly acts as if he or she has a physical or mental disorder when, in truth, they have caused the symptoms. People with factitious disorders act this way because of an inner need to be seen as ill or injured, not to achieve a concrete benefit, such as financial gain. They are even willing to undergo painful or risky tests and operations in order to get the sympathy and special attention given to people who are truly ill. This is a mental illness associated with severe emotional difficulties.
	What is Trichotillomania?	Chronic hair pulling that is not accounted for by a medical condition, results in hair loss, and causes distress for the patient or significant social or occupational impairment.
	The optimal size group for a therapy group is generally thought to be...	8-10.
	The notion that the poor remain poor due to inherent personal, behavioral, or social characteristics, or self-defeating patterns of adaptation that inhibit their ability to use available social resources and opportunities is sometimes described as...	Blaming the victim.
	What is a pattern-dynamic reflection?	An intervention that helps a client think about psychological determinants of his/her behavior & their dynamics.
	Compensation	defense against the feeling of inferiority and inadequacy growing out of personal defects or weaknesses, real or imagined.
	Conversion	somatic change expressed in symbolic body language. Psychic pain is given a location in some body part.
	Denial	avoiding awareness of some painful aspect of reality.
	Displacement	investment of repressed feelings in a substitute object.
	Association (Anna Freud's altruism)	obtaining personal gratification through helping another person who is gratifying the same instincts.
	Identification	the process whereby an individual becomes like another person in one or more respects, a more elaborate process than introjection.
	Introjection	making an idea or image part of oneself. Boundaries between self and the object become blurred as object representation is assimilated into self representation.
	Inversion	aggressive drive or impulse diverted from another person toward the self, operative especially in depression and masochism.
	Isolation of affect	disconnection of ideas from feelings originally associated with them. A conscious idea is therefore deprived of its motivational force; action is thwarted and guilt avoided.
	Intellectualization	the psychological binding of instinctual drives in intellectual activities. The adolescent preoccupation with philosophy and religion is one common example.
	Projection	attribution of a painful impulse or idea to the external world.
	Rationalization	an attempt to give a logical explanation for painful unconscious material, thereby avoiding feelings such as guilt and shame.
	Reaction formation	replacement of a painful idea or feeling by its opposite. (The unconscious material remains along with the conscious presence of the opposite.)
	Regression	retreat to an earlier phase of psychosexual development.
	Repression	the act of obliterating material from the conscious awareness. A unique defense, repression is capable of mastering powerful impulses.
	Reversal	a form of reaction formation aimed at protecting oneself from painful affects.
	Splitting	viewing external objects as either all good or all bad. Sudden feeling shifts about an object can occur.
	Sublimation	deflection of the energy from instinctual drives to aims more acceptable to the ego and superego.
	Substitution	replacement of one affect with another. For example, rage can be used to mask fear.
	Undoing	ritualistic performance of the opposite of an act recently committed in order to cancel or balance the evil that may have been done.
	Identification with the aggressor	by introjecting some characteristic of an anxiety-evoking object, a child assimilates an anxiety experience which he has just undergone, thus transforming himself from the person threatened to the one who makes the threat.
	When a client threatens suicide the Secondary concern is...	creating a NO SUICIDE Agreement between the client and the counselor. This involves processing the current and presenting issues with the client and establishing an empathetic connection and emotional accountability. The client has to BUY IN to make the agreement work.
	What is the formal operational period?	The fourth stage in the schema of Jean Piaget's stages of human cognitive development. During adolescence, the developing child becomes able to comprehend highly abstract and hypothetical concepts. When faced with a problem, children at this stage should be able to review all possible ways of solving it and go through them theoretically in order to reach a solution.
	A group orientation by which a positive and loving relationship between the social worker and client is not important for reaching the goals of the individual is...	Albert Ellis, who founded the rational emotive school of therapy (RET), emphasized the role of cognition in understanding behavior. The leader in this form of therapy is more of a teacher who helps the members integrate a rational view of life and challenge irrational and false beliefs. Having a positive loving relationship with the leader makes no difference in the outcome of the therapy in RET.
	What is Autistic Disorder?	A clearly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a limitation regarding activity and interests. Manifestation of this disorder depends on the developmental stage and actual age of the individual. Autism (autistic disorder) is also referred to as "early infantile autism", "childhood autism" or "Kanner's autism".
	The concepts of conceivability, aesthetic qualities, disruptiveness and origin relate to...	Stigma - an identifying mark or trait that causes shame and/or humiliation.
	At what age is conformity with peers most likely to be the highest?	12-14. Preadolescents typically value conformity with their peers. They may experience pressure from peers to engage in a variety of behaviors including experimenting with drugs and alcohol and engaging in sexual activity. As they go through a series of rapid physical, emotional and social changes, preadolescents tend to feel more of a desire to have their peer group as a central role in their lives. It is perfectly normal for children this age to pull away from their family and lean more on their friends.
	Erickson's developmental stage, Industry vs. Inferiority, is best exemplified by...	A school-age child who is trying to develop a sense of self-worth by refining skills.
	35	mule
	What is an illusion?	An erroneous mental representation. A perception, as of visual stimuli (optical illusion), that represents what is perceived in a way different from the way it is in reality.
	According to psychodynamic theorists, people with paranoid personality disorder are riddled with hostile feelings that they ______________ and _________________, two defense mechanisms.	deny; project
	Negative reinforcement increases the strength or frequency of a response by __________ an aversive stimulus.	Removing
	What is Operant conditioning?	a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior.
	What is a reinforcer?	any event that strengthens or increases the behavior it follows.
	What are Positive reinforcers?	favorable events or outcomes that are presented after the behavior. In situations that reflect positive reinforcement, a response or behavior is strengthened by the addition of something, such as praise or a direct reward.
	What are Negative reinforcers?	They involve the removal of unfavorable events or outcomes after the display of a behavior. In these situations, a response is strengthened by the removal of something considered unpleasant.
	What is Positive punishment?	sometimes referred to as punishment by application, it involves the presentation of an unfavorable event or outcome in order to weaken the response it follows.
	What is Negative punishment?	AKA punishment by removal, it occurs when a favorable event or outcome is removed after a behavior occurs.
	Structured situations in a group-therapy process...	- generate cohesion, engender cathartic expression, and help the group develop an internal locus of control- can foster a dependency on the leader- are less effective than unstructured situations
	Structured situations can be effective...	- In dealing with a particular theme or population. - They can serve to impart information, share common experiences, teach problem solving skills, provide support and teach people how to find their own support outside of the group.
	The use of many structured situations can not help...	groups deal with closeness, trust and genuineness.
	What is Rett's Disorder?	The development of several specific problems after a period of normal post birth functioning. Individuals seem to have a normal prenatal and prenatal period within normal psychomotor development through the first 5 months of life. The head circumference at birth is normal. But between 5 and 48 months, head growth slows and some formerly acquired hand skills are lost. Also, there is a subsequent development of stereotypical hand movement such as hand wringing and hand washing.
	The age at which an infant is most likely to have a clear attachment to a single individual is...	7 months. This is the age that most normal infants tend to display a strong attachment to a particular individual. During the first two years of a child's life, she will form a strong attachment to the person who cares for her. Most often the primary caregiver for the infant is the baby's mother. Usually the baby will form just as strong of an attachment to her father if he is highly involved in her care. Attachment is defined as a strong bond between the infant and the caregiver. It does not necessarily have to be the infant's biological parents. The best way for parents to foster the attachment with infants is to respond to the infants' needs. Infants communicate mostly through crying. When a newborn cries and a caregiver responds she learns that the world is a good place and that her caregiver is there to take care of her needs. She also develops a sense of trust. This strong sense of trust is the foundation for the lifetime. Without this development, a baby may have problems trusting others as she grows up.
	A social worker's main role and function is...	To empower their clients by facilitating them to discover their own strengths and obstacles as well as to clarify clients' choices, options, needs, goals, values, etc. to improve the overall well being of the client.
	Using the technique of "modifying the environment" helps to diminish...	objective anxiety (a response to external situations rather than on internal conflicts).
	In the beginning phases of establishing a professional relationship with a client, a social worker must convey a sense that the social worker's predominant feeling is...	Positive Acceptance
	As the social worker develops an understanding of the basic behavior of the client, he should...	direct the client toward awareness without interpretation.
	The most reliable form of mental health treatment program evaluation is...	schedules and rating sheets prepared by clinicians over time after receiving training.
	Medications such as Lisinoprol and Atenolol designed to lower blood pressure can...	decrease physical energy and libido.
	A social worker using the technique of partialization is engaging in a therapeutic technique that...	helps a client divide interrelated problems into more manageable components. Assists the client in identifying issues that need immediate attention.
	What is asceticism?	A defense mechanism characterized by a flat prohibition of instinctual activity particularly regarding sexuality.
	The concept of "friendly visitors" is associated with...	Charity Organization Societies.
	The Clinton Administration welfare reform bill includes policies that many social workers oppose. One of the most controversial features of the law are...	a lifetime limit on the number of years that welfare assistance will be available.
	A researcher seeking to identify a measure of central tendency that is calculated by identifying the score below which 1/2 of all scores fall would fall would calculate the...	median! The median is located at the midpoint of all the scores.
	The concept of test reliability is established by...	replicating results over many trials.
	What is validity?	Testing to ensure that an experiment or test measures what it's designed to measure.
	Describe the structural model of family therapy.	- Therapist is very active.- Family AND individual sessions are used.- Goal is to reorganize family structure to reflect a parental hierarchy and to create clear & flexible boundaries between family members.
	What is pseudo-mutuality?	When family members try to maintain the appearance of open, reciprocal relationships w/ each other.(When dysfunctional families mask emotional expressions that are threatening to them. They often develop their own, private modes of expression that aren't comprehensible to outsiders.)
	What is narcissistic injury?	When a narcissist feels degraded by another person. Narcissistic rage (frequently short-term) is a reaction to narcissistic injury.
	What is Korsikoff's Disease?	Amnesia caused by excessive, long-term alcohol use.
	Define schizoid.	Emotional isolation from others (e.g. aloofness, social w/drawal & indifference to others).
	What is a T-test?	A formula for evaluating the mean of 2 groups. Used to compare 2 groups to find differences in outcome among them.
	According to Allport's theories, individuals will not form what during the first four years of life?	Self image. Allport's theories tell us that it is not until between four and six years of age that a child will develop his/her self-image, or a grasp on how one's image is portrayed to others.
	The "prisoner's dilemma" developed by Deutsch demonstrates which social phenomenon?	Competition vs. Cooperation; The "prisoner's dilemma" is a scenario where one has a choice between working with others or working against them to achieve goals.
	Describe reality therapy...	Reality therapy focuses on helping clients to make their own evaluation of their behavior (including how they respond to their culture). Clients can determine to which degree their needs and wants are being satisfied through personal assessment. This approach also includes assisting clients to find a balance between retaining their own ethnic identity and integrating some of the values and practices of the dominant community.
	The median age for an onset of the first psychotic episode of schizophrenia is...	Mid 20s for men, late 20s for women.
	In recording a mental disorder due to a medical condition, the clinician should note both the type of mental disturbance and the etiological general medical condition on which axis?	Axis I.
	Modern behavior therapy is grounded on a scientific view of human behavior that implies...	A systematic and structured approach to therapy.
	Describe in-home therapy.	In home therapy is considered to be an effective intervention alternative and is a growing trend in the mental health field. In-home clients usually present with more severe emotional and behavioral problems compared with clients receiving outpatient services. Specific populations with which in-home family therapy have been effective include adolescent mothers and substance-abusing adolescents and their families. Research indicates that in-home therapy programs successfully lessen the number of out-of-home placements of children, lowers the risk of hospitalizations, and reduces the symptoms associated with the presenting problems.
	The best reason for a social worker to use self disclosure is...	To help the client feel more comfortable sharing feelings or experiences.
	Describe the narrative approach to supervision.	The supervisor's role is to assist the supervisee in editing the client's story and to help the trainee develop his or her own personal professional story. Supervision as a process of revising stories the supervisee tells about the client, tells about himself or herself, and tells about other therapists.
	What form of supervisory power is exercised when the supervisor has authority that is commensurate with title or office, with authority following implicitly, as in under moral obligation or duty by the supervisee and those under the title or office?	Positional power.
	Human resource management has fundamental requirements for successful performance management systems. What requirement is consistent with measurement and encouragement of behaviors that assist in achieving organizational goals?	Congruence with strategy.
	What is the function of a meeting in which a recommendation is proposed to a decision-making body?	Ratifying decisions.
	Describe funding organization.	The movement of agencies toward decreasing resource dependency and expanding resource stability by seeking funding in an array of areas, such as government contracts, corporate donations, United Way, grants, endowment proceeds, fundraising events, and client fees.
	How is an organic brain syndrome similar to a personality disorder?	It may involve unusual affect, amnesia, dimentia, delusions, hallucinations & delirium. May also be related to substance use.
	Describe object relations theory...	A psychodynamic theory. It describes the process of developing a mind as one grows in relation to others in the environment. The "objects" of the theory are both real others in one's world, and one's internalized images of others. Object relationships are initially formed during early interactions with primary care givers. These early patterns can be altered with experience, but often continue to exert a strong influence throughout life.
	What is the main aim of Adlerian Therapy?	To stresses a positive view of human nature and that we are in control of our own fate and not a victim to it. Adlerian Therapy sets out to assure people that they are in control of their own fate, and that they aren't puppets of fate.
	What are Alder's five psychological positions?	1) Oldest child – receives more attention, spoiled, center of attention2) Second of only two – behaves as if in a race, often opposite to first child3) Middle – often feels squeezed out4) Youngest – the baby5) Only – does not learn to share or cooperate with other children, learns to deal with adults
	What is this Adlerian Axiom or Principle describing "all the components of the mind organize and equilibrate themselves, in accordance with the goal?"	The Adlerian Axiom concerns the principle of spontaneous structuration of the parts in the whole.
	What is imaginal coding?	The mental images a person might have prior to an event.
	What is the focus of process evaluation?	Active service delivery, not outcome of services
	What are the four processes of learning as identified by Bandura's social learning theory?	Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation.
	These chemicals cross the synaptic gap and may cause another neuron to fire...	Excitatory neurotransmitters.
	What is the Electra process?	The female equivalent of the Oedipus complex according to Freud. He associated both complexes with the phallic stage of human psychosocial development.
	What are the 8 basic human needs as outlined by Fromm?	Relatedness - Relationships with others, care, respect, knowledge.Transcendence - Creativity, developing a loving and interesting life.Rootedness - Feeling of belonging.Sense of Identity - Seeing ourselves as a unique person and part of a social group.Frame of orientation - Understanding the world and our place in it.Excitation and Stimulation - Actively striving for a goal rather than simply responding.Unity - A sense of oneness between one person and the "natural and human world outside."Effectiveness - The need to feel accomplished.
	Hull, Pavlov, Skinner and Thorndike were all influential in the formation of what theory of social psychology?	Reinforcement theory - the idea that the anticipation of a reward motivates behavior.
	If positive reinforcement occurs when a response leads to a desirable consequence, then negative reinforcement occurs when a response...	leads to the removal of a disagreeable circumstance.
	According to TA, the process of analyzing personality in terms of ego states is called...	Structural analysis.
	How does TA characterize the Child ego state?	The Child is seen as the source of creativity, recreation and procreation. It is the only source of renewal in life.
	What are "life positions" in Transactional Analysis?	Basic beliefs about self and others, which are used to justify decisions and behavior.
	According to TA, what is a contamination called when it comes from the Parent?	A prejudice, because it is accepted as a fact without checking it against reality.
	What is required according to rational emotive behavioral therapy to change our beliefs?	REBT holds that hard work and practice is the only way to get better and to stay that way.
	The ultimate purpose of rational emotive behavioral therapy is to change the way we...	Think, feel and behave as these affect our mental health.
	According to Albert Ellis, what is a healthy and negative emotion?	Disappointment is the healthy negative emotion corresponding to the unhealthy negative emotions of shame and embarrassment.
	What can you expect from REBT?	Rational emotive behavioral therapy aims at reducing pain and discomfort by changing your beliefs and the way you look at events from irrational and self-destructive to rational and self-constructive.
	According to Albert Ellis, the vast majority of people are more disturbed than they have to be because they aspire to be...	Super-human. "People can be more happy and satisfied if they accept themselves as fallible, incessantly error-prone humans" - Albert Ellis.
	Assertion training teaches the client...	alternatives to passive, helpless, dependent and stifling ways of dealing with life situations.
	What is behavioral theory based on?	Pavlov's classical conditioning and Skinner's operant conditioning.
	The social learning theory approach of Behavioral Therapy distinguishes between...	Efficacy and outcome expectations.
	The neobehavioristic approach emphasizes classical conditioning of responses of the...	Autonomic nervous system.
	Verbal persuasion is important in self-efficacy because...	It refers to the degree of support or otherwise that can come from other people, particularly those close to the individual concerned.
	What does fidelity mean in the context of Erikson's theory?	Loyalty, the ability to live by society's standards despite its imperfections, incompleteness and inconsistencies.
	Existential psychotherapy is partly based on the Existential belief that human beings are ______ in the world.	Alone. This aloneness leads to feelings of meaninglessness which can be overcome only by creating one's own values and meanings.
	Existential analysis was introduced in the early 1930s by whom?	The Swiss psychiatrist Binswanger. Existential analysis is a form of psychoanalysis based on existentialism.
	What is a confabulation?	A fantasy that has unconsciously emerged as a factual account in memory. A confabulation may be based partly on fact or be a complete construction of the imagination.
	According to Freud, the secondary narcissism that occurs during adolescence and adulthood is...	NOT universal. He thought that as the ego develops, children give up their narcissism and develop an interest in other people. However, in puberty, adolescents often redirect their libido back to the ego and become preoccupied with self-interests and personal appearance. Freud called this pronounced behavior secondary narcissism, yet he did not believe it to be universal. Freud believed, nonetheless, that a moderate degree of self-love is common to everyone.
	Freud would argue that unconscious urges seek expression through the...	id. According to Freud, the id is completely unconscious. It serves the pleasure principle, and it seeks constant and immediate satisfaction of instinctual needs. The id is the only structure present at birth and consists of all the unconscious desires and urges that continually seek expression.
	Which is the best colloquial English translation of the ego (das Ich) and the id (das Es)?	"I" and "it." They are actually latinisations originating from his translator. Freud, himself, wrote of 'das Es', 'das Ich', and 'das - ber-Ich' (respectively, the It, the I, and the Over-I or Upper-I).
	What is the choice theory axiom adopted by Reality therapy theory?	"Is what I am doing getting me closer to the people I need?"
	What is the first procedure in process of Reality therapy?	Involvement; The first procedure in Reality Therapy is creating a relationship with the client.
	What was Horney's view of conflict between parents and children?	This was why parents had to be firm and fair. In healthy conflict between parents and child, the child learns about authority and to consider the needs of others.
	Horney believed that both men and women have a motive to be ingenious and...	Productive. Women are able to satisfy this need normally and interiorly -- to do this they become pregnant and give birth. Men please this need only through external ways.
	The goal of Gestalt phenomenological exploration is awareness, or...	Insight.
	What is the Law of Symmetry?	When images are perceived collectively, even in spite of distance.
	What are the three kinds of knowledge according to Piaget?	The physical is knowledge of objects in external reality; the social is written and spoken languages; the logico-mathernatics is the relationships created by each individual.
	Rogers suggests the incongruent individual deploys...	defense mechanisms. Incongruent individuals work hard at maintaining/protecting their self concept. Because their lives are not authentic this is a difficult task and they are under constant threat. They deploy defense mechanisms to achieve this.
	Rogers describes person-centered therapy as a process of...	freeing a person and removing obstacles so that normal growth and development can proceed and the client can become independent and self-directed.
	In person-centered therapy, what term means sensitively tracking the moment-to-moment feelings and thoughts of the client, with all their nuances and implications?	Accurate empathy, or empathic understanding, means sensitively tracking the moment-to-moment feelings and thoughts of the client, with all their nuances and implications, and conveying this to the client partly by summarizing or restating what the client says.
	Sullivan _____ to be the chief disruptive force in interpersonal relations.	anxiety. It has a disintegrative effect on relationships.
	According to Sullivan's theory, experiences that are consensually validated and can be symbolically communicated to others are...	syntaxic.Experiences that can be accurately communicated to others are called syntaxic.
	What is a parataxic distortion?	A perceptual or judgmental distortion of interpersonal relations resulting from the observer's need to pattern his responses on previous experiences and thus defend himself against anxiety.
	What is selective inattention?	Ignoring or rejecting anxiety or any interaction that could lead to it. This is a way to reduce social anxiety.
	What are personifications?	Mental images that allow us to better understand ourselves and the world. There are three basic ways we see ourselves that Sullivan called the bad-me, the good-me and the not-me.
	What are Eidetic personifications?	Eidetic personifications include the imaginary playmates that preschool-aged children often have. These imaginary friends enable children to have a safe, secure relationship and to practice interpersonal relations with no threat of negative consequences.
	What are Sullivan's life stages of development?	Infancy, childhood, juvenile, preadolescence, early adolescence, late adolescence, adulthood.
	According to Bandura, what are the two major types of learning?	Observational and enactive.Bandura categorized learning as observational and enactive. Although people can learn through direct experiences, Bandura believed that much of what individuals learn takes place by watching others. The core of observational learning is modeling. Bandura explained that modeling is more than simple imitation as it involves adding and subtracting from observed behavior. Through enactive learning, individuals can acquire new patterns of complex behavior through direct experience. All behavior is followed by some consequence yet whether that consequence reinforces the behavior depends on the person's cognitive evaluation of the situation (i.e., how people evaluate the consequences of their behaviors).
	Bowenian theorists believe that _____ is the means to healing in the system.	Understanding. Bowenian theorists believe that understanding is the means for healing to occur in the system and not action. The understanding the family members gain of the unhealthy patterns in the system and their role in the system's problems, promotes differentiation and responsibility.
	What is the family life cycle?	Betty Carter and Monica McGoldrick described the family life cycle as an ongoing process of expansion, contraction, and realignment that occurs in the relationship system of any family. This process assists the family to adjust and allows room for the entry, exit and development of the family members throughout the years.
	What is Dyspareunia?	It is painful sexual intercourse, due to medical or psychological causes. The symptom is reported almost exclusively by women, although it can also occur in men. The causes are often reversible, even when long-standing, but self-perpetuating pain is a factor after the original cause has been removed. It is a common condition that affects up to one-fifth of women at some point in their lives.
	What is the role of a reality therapist?	Reality Therapists attempt to help their clients better meet their own needs. Reality Therapists tend to be very directive and would confrontation as a primary technique.
	What is strategic therapy?	Strategic Therapy is any type of therapy where the therapist initiates what happens during therapy and designs a particular approach for each problem. The therapist takes responsibility for directly influencing people.
	Describe the theory of strategic therapy...	The theory of strategic therapy states that the patient's symptoms are a result of attempts by family members to correct what they consider "problem" behavior.
	A therapist employing strategic therapy must...	Identify solvable problems.Set goals.Design interventions to achieve those goals.Examine the responses.Examine the outcome of the therapy.
	What do cognitive therapists do?	Cognitive therapists attempt to eliminate their client's negative thought processes and irrational beliefs.
	What is reminiscence therapy?	Reminiscence therapy focuses on helping elderly patients re-examine past events and accept them into their life's schema.
	What is criterion related validity (AKA instrumental validity)?	Criterion related validity is used to demonstrate the accuracy of a measure or procedure by comparing it with another measure or procedure which has been demonstrated to be valid.For example, imagine a hands-on driving test has been shown to be an accurate test of driving skills. By comparing the scores on the written driving test with the scores from the hands-on driving test, the written test can be validated by using a criterion related strategy in which the hands-on driving test is compared to the written test.
	What is dopamine?	Dopamine plays a critical role in the function of the central nervous system, and it is also linked with the brain's complex system of motivation and reward. Altered levels of dopamine can cause a range of symptoms and problems, ranging from Parkinson's disease to ADHD.
	What is serotonin?	Serotonin is a hormone that is found naturally in the brain. Serotonin can be considered a "happy" hormone, as it greatly influences an overall sense of well-being. It also helps to regulate moods, temper, anxiety, and to relieve depression. It is also credited with being a natural sleep aid. It even plays an important role in regulating such things as aggression, appetite, and sexuality. It also helps with regulating body temperature and metabolism and plays a role in the stimulation of vomiting.
	What is norepinephrine?	Besides acting as a neurotransmitter, norepinephrine also acts as a stress hormone. It has a role to play in a person’s fight-or-flight response, working in conjunction with epinephrine. In this role, it increases a person’s heart rate and blood flow to the muscles; it also stimulates the release of blood sugar and is often compared to adrenaline.
	what is epinephrine?	Epinephrine is a hormone that is chemically identical to the adrenaline produced by the body. When produced naturally by the body, it helps us respond effectively to short-term stress. Epinephrine is also used as a drug to treat cardiac arrest, asthma, and allergic reactions, especially those which could be fatal if left untreated.
	What is akathisia?	“Inner restlessness,” often in response to taking certain types of medications designed to treat psychiatric conditions. It may also occur in people with certain disorders like Parkinson’s disease, or be the result of certain conditions like the manic or hypomanic phase of bipolar I and II.
	नृपः nṛpaḥ	king

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