Lcsw Exam Questions (Human Development & Behavior -How Humans Learn)

Front 1

This Has been defined as a relatively permanent change in potentioal performance or behavior as the result of experience

Back 1

Learning

Front 2

True or False: Some learning theorist argue that all learning is the result of connections between stimuli and responses.

Back 2

True

Front 3

Name two major schools of learning theory

Back 3

Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning

Front 4

Who investigated what eventually becdame known as Classical Conditining?

Back 4

Ivan Pavlov

Front 5

Another name for a paired presentation of a neutral stimulus(eg a tone) that does not produce salivation with that of meat powder, which naturally elicits salivation and after several pairings-the neutral stimuls alone produces a salivation response is called what?

Back 5

Classical conditioning

Front 6

In classical conditioning, Pavlov called the stimulus that naturally elicits the target response the (A)______ and its response (B)_________

Back 6

A)Unconditioned Stimulus
B)Unconditioned Response

Front 7

In Classical Conditioning, Pavlov called the Neutral Stimulus (A)_______ and the response it produced after conditioning the (B)________

Back 7

A) Conditioned Stimulus
B) Conditioned Response

Front 8

Pavlov found that, for Classical Conditioning to occur, the CS must precede the US- What is this called?

Back 8

Forward Conditioning

Front 9

Includes presenting the Conditioned Stimulus (CS) so that it precedes and overlaps presentation of the unconditioned stimulus(US)

Back 9

Delay Conditioning

Front 10

It entails presenting and terminating the Conditioned Stimulus (CS) prior to presenting the Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Back 10

Trace Conditioning

Front 11

Occurs when the CS and US are presented at the same time

Back 11

Simulataneous Conditioning

Front 12

Of the three Procedures-Delay, Trace, and Simulataneous conditioning, which is the most effective for establishing a CR and which is the least effective?

Back 12

Most Effective = Delay
Least Effective = Simulataneous

Front 13

True or False: The greater the number of trials, the stronger and more persistant the Conditioned response

Back 13

True

Front 14

What occurs more rapidly when the CS is intense, novel, or distinctive from other stimuli?

Back 14

Classical Conditioning

Front 15

The Strength of a CR is measured by assiessing what?

Back 15

A)It's Strength
B)It's Rate
C)The latency between presentation of the CS and occurance of CR
D)The Persistance of the CR (How long it is elicted by the CS in the absence of the US)

Front 16

True or False: A CS-CR connection has been established if the CS is repeatedly presented without the US, The CS-CR connection eventually decays

Back 16

True

Front 17

The gradual disappearance of a conditional response is the result of presentation of the CS alone is referred to as

Back 17

Classical Extinction

Front 18

What is this; An experimental subject often responds with a conditioned response not only to the CS but also to Stimuli that are similar to it. The fewer the number of trials and the lnger the delay between conditioning and testing, the greater the stimulus genralization.

Back 18

Stimulus Generalization

Front 19

What is the name of the opposite of stimulus genralization and refers to the ability to discriminate between similar stimuli and respond only to the CS with a CR

Back 19

Stimulus Discrimination

Front 20

Studies on Stimulus Discrimination led to the discovery that very difficult discriminations can lead to what?

Back 20

Experimental Neurosis

Front 21

True or False; Pavlov discovered that when a second Neutral Stimulus was repeatedly paired with a previously conditioned stimulus (CS) the second Neutral Stimulus alone eventually produced a conditioned response (CR). This is called higher order condtioning.

Back 21

True

Front 22

What is another name for higher order conditioning?

Back 22

Second Order Conditioning

Front 23

Who are the theorist associated with Operant Conditioning?

Back 23

Edward Thorndike
B.F. Skinner

Front 24

What are Thorndikes best known studies?

Back 24

His best known studies involve placing hungry cats in puzzle boxes that required the animals to make a particulare response (e.g. pulling a loop of string)

Front 25

What are Thorndikes conclusions about leaning?

Back 25

He concluded that learning is not due to mental events or thinking about a problem, but instead to connections that develop between responses and stimuli as the consequence of trial and error. A connectionism.

Front 26

Describes Thorndkes-Instrumental Learning

Back 26

Because the behaviors he was studying were instrumental in helping the animals achieve a goal, he referred to this phenomenon as Instrumental learning

Front 27

Describe Skinners-Respondant Behaviors

Back 27

Those behaviors (Reflexes) that are automatically elicited by certain stimuli

Front 28

Describe Skinners-Operant Behaviors

Back 28

Operant behaviors are voluntarily emitted as the result of the way they operate on the environment. (e.g. as a rsult of the consequences that follow them)

Front 29

True or False; Skinners principles of reinforcement and punishment can be viewed as an extension of Thorndikes law and effect.

Back 29

Ture

Front 30

True or False; Reinforcements and punishments can be either positive or negative?

Back 30

True

Front 31

In Reinforcement and punishment, what does the term positive and negative refer to?

Back 31

Positve = Refers to the application of a stimulus

Negative = Means witholding or removing a stimulus

Front 32

Describe Postive Reinforcement

Back 32

Perfomance of a behavior increases as the result of the application of a stimulus following the behavior. (Ex; In Thorndikes experiiment, a cats "pulling on the string" behavior increased because it led to the attainment of food.

Front 33

Describe Negative Reinforcement

Back 33

A behavior increases as the result of the withdrawal or termination of a stimulus

Front 34

True or False; Punishment can be postive or negative?

Back 34

True

Front 35

When does postive punishment occur?

Back 35

It occurs when the application of a stimulus followinng a response decreases that response. (Ex. Slapping a dog with a newspaper after he chews up your favorite shoes-hopefully after being hit with the newspaper-the dog will no longer chew your shoes.

Front 36

When does negative punishment occur?

Back 36

When a stimulus is removed following a behavior and as a rsult the behavior decreases. (Taking away a childs allowance whenver he back talks-to decrease that behavior)

Front 37

Skinner usually looked at such behaviors as bar pressing and key pecking in rats and pigeons within the confines of a box like operant chamber (Skinner Box). In a typical + reinforcement experiment water or food was delivered into the box via a delivery tube whenver the animal pressed the bar or pecked the key----What is this called?

Back 37

Operant Strength

Front 38

How did Skinner evaluate the effectiveness of Operant Conditioning (A)_______. What did this entail (B)________?

Back 38

A) Measuring Operant Strength
B1)Determining the reate of responding druing acquisition trials

B2)determining the total number of responses made during extraction trials (the period when no reinforcement is provided)

Front 39

In Operant conditioning, (A)What --refers to witholding reinforcement from a previously reinforced behavior in order to decrease or eliminate that behavior?

Back 39

Extinction

Front 40

A temporary increase in responding during extinction trials is called (A) What?

Back 40

An extinction (response) burst

Front 41

What does the following describe: When a subject has been reinforced for two different behaviors and reinforcement for one behavior is withdrawn in order to extinguish it, the other behavior is more likely to increase

Back 41

Behavioral Contrast

Front 42

Whose Theory of Obeservational Learning proposes that a person can simply observe another person ( a model) perform a behavior and subsequently display that behavior himself or herself without external reinforcement?

Back 42

Albert Bandura

Front 43

Who is best know for studies in which children observed an adult model act aggressively toward an inflated clown (Bobo Doll) and when later left alone with the doll the children displayed similar aggressive behaviors toward the doll while children who had not viewed the model did not exhibit these behaviors.

Back 43

Albert Bandura

Front 44

Who concluded that observational learning reflects an alteration in cognition involving four different processes including attentional, retention, prodcution, and motivational.

Back 44

Albert Bandura

Front 45

Which Process is described below? Observational learning requires that the learner attend to, and accurately percive the model behavior.

Back 45

Attentional Process

Front 46

Describe Retention Process

Back 46

Reproduction of a modeled behavior requires that the learner symbolically preocess the modeled bheavior in memory via visual imagey or verbal coding. Retention is enhanced through cognitive rehearsal

Front 47

Describe Production Process

Back 47

The learner must be able to accurately reproduce and rehearse the modeled behavior. Production is enhanced through practice and performance feedback.

Front 48

Describe Motivational Process

Back 48

The learner must be motivated to acquire and perform the modeled behavior. Motivation is enhanced when the learner is reinforced, but the reinforcement can be either internal (self-reinforcement), vicarious, or external

Front 49

Studies have shown that obsevational learning is most effective when it is combined with (A) What

Back 49

Guided Participation.(Progressive Performance by the learner with assistance from the model)

Front 50

True or False; It was found that live modeling with guided participation or (participant modeling) was superior to symbolic modeling (observation of a filmed model) or systematic desensitization.

Back 50

True

Front 51

The cognitive learning theories stress the (A)______
______ ________ occur during learning, and reject the assumption that (B)_______ ________ is a necessary ccondition for learning to occur

Back 51

A) Internal Thought Processes
B) External Reinforcement

Front 52

Tolman viewed learning as "purposive" or oriented toward the (A)________. He also proposed that learning often takes place without being manifested in (B)_________; In other words he believed that learning can be (C)___________

Back 52

A) Achievement of Specific goals
B) Performance Improvement
C) Latent

Front 53

Gestalt Psychology includes a model of learning that incorporates the role of internal (A)__________

Back 53

A)Cognitive Processes

Front 54

Kohler argued that learning can be the result of?

Back 54

Insight

Front 55

Kohler proposed that such an "aha" experience reflects an internal cognitive restructuring of the (A)_________ that improves the Organisms ability to achieve it's goals.

Back 55

A) Perceptual Field (environment)

Front 56

Bandura's theory of observational learning proposes that a person can simply (A)________ ________ ________ Perform a behavior and subsequently display that behavior him or herself without (B) ___________ __________

Back 56

A) Observe another person (model)
B) external reinforcement

Front 57

According to Pavlov, the phenomenon known as (A)_________ indicates that once something is learned it is never forgotton.

Back 57

A)Spontaneous Recovery

Front 58

Experimental Neurosis is the result of?

Back 58

Difficult discriminations

Front 59

Classical Extinction occurs when?

Back 59

The Conditioned Stimulus (CS) is presented alone

Front 60

A loud noise which produces a startle response is paired with a flashing light so that the light, when presented alone elicits a startle response. The loud noise in this situation is?

Back 60

The Unconditioned Stimulus

Front 61

Most likely, the startle response produced by the flashing light in the above situation will be weaker or stronger than the response elicited by the loud noise?

Back 61

Weaker thatn the response elicited by the loud noise

Front 62

A tone is subsequently presented prior to the flashing light several times, so that eventually, the tone also elictis a startle response. This procedure is an example of?

Back 62

Higher Order Conditioning

Front 63

Negative Reinforcement is used to increase or decrease behavior?

Back 63

Increase behavior (Ex. Pressing lever will stop electric shock-Pressing lever will increase)

Front 64

What is generally the best schedule for intially establishing a behavior?

Back 64

Continuous One

Front 65

The intermittent reinforcement associated with the greatest resistance to extinction is the (A)________Schedule?

Back 65

Varible Ratio

Front 66

Thorndikes (A)________ Proposes that behaviors which are followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to occur again.

Back 66

Law of Effect

Front 67

The removal of a stimulus following a behavior decreases that behavior. In other words the stimulus is acting as a(n) _________

Back 67

Negative Punishment

Front 68

A mother has been giving her son a hug whenever he says "please" following a request. She decides to stop reinforcing her son in this way. Right after she stops hugging her son, she can expect that the frequency with which he says please will?

Back 68

Temporarily Increase

Front 69

A father scolds his son each time the boy whines. The boy's whining increases. In this situation the fathers scolding is acting as a(n)?

Back 69

Positive Reinforcer

Front 70

What is a secondary reinforcer

Back 70

It is associated with a reinforcer that has inherent value

Front 71

In Operant Conditioning, Stimulus genralization involves performing the same response in the presnce of?

Back 71

Stimulus similar to the original discriminative stimulus

Front 72

According to Albert Bandura, the acquisition and retention of an observed behavior is attributable in part to

Back 72

Self-Reinforcement, Vicarious and External reinforcement

Front 73

For Kohler, the "Aha" experience is a reflection of?

Back 73

Insight

Front 74

For Tolman, "Cognitive maps" are the result of

Back 74

Connectionism

Front 75

What is another name for guided participation?

Back 75

Participant Modeling