Lcsw Exam (Human Development & Behavior Lifespan Development)

Front 1

Developmental Psychologist are interested in identifying

Back 1

The sequence of physical and psychological changes that human beings undergo as they grow older , beginning with conception and continuing throughout life

Front 2

the various approaches to the study and understanding of human development all reflect to some degree a search for answers to at least 4 critical questions. They are:

Back 2

A) Is development continuous or discontinuous
B) Are developmental phenomena uiversal or context dependent
C) Are people active participants in their own development or do they passively react to external forces
D) What are the relative contributions of heredity and the environment to development?

Front 3

What is the name of the above

Back 3

Nature-Nurture controversy

Front 4

Define the two sides of the nature nurture controversy

Back 4

A)Those individuals who have focused upon how heredity (nature) impacts development and the effects of biological maturation
B) Those who have considered the environment (nurture) to be critical and have emphasized the role of learning

Front 5

What does the current debate center on regarding the above?

Back 5

The current debate centers on the relative contributions of the two factors and the way in which they interact with one another to produce behavior

Front 6

What do some experts propose?

Back 6

Their is a genetically determined range of reaction for certain traits and that an individuals status within that range depends on environmental factors

Front 7

True or False: Because of the difference in the impact of the two factors over the lifespan, it is possible to make more accurate generalizations about 2 year olds than 72 year olds. As people age, their behaviors become less the consequences of genetically determined patterns, and more the result of a whole range of environmental influences.

Back 7

True

Front 8

What are some examples of Polygenic Traits?

Back 8

Height, Weight, Intelligence, and Personality

Front 9

True or False: Genetic endowment traits are nfluenced by multiple genes and the result of a single pair of genes that either contain a single dominant gene or consists of two recessive genes.

Back 9

True

Front 10

What are some physical traits that require only a single dominant gene?

Back 10

brown eyes, dark hair, farsightedness

Front 11

What are some physical traits resulting from a pair of recessive genes?

Back 11

Green, Hazel, and Blue eyes, Blond Hair, Nearsigntedness

Front 12

The contribution of herdity to an observed characteristic is expressed in terms of a?

Back 12

Heritability Estimate

Front 13

What indicates the extent to which a Phenotype varies within a group of people as the result of differneces in genotype

Back 13

Heritability Estimate

Front 14

Refers to a Persons Genetic Inheritance

Back 14

Genotype

Front 15

Refers to his/her observed characteristics which are attributable to a combination of heredity and environment

Back 15

Phenotype

Front 16

Many researchers have contrasted identical (Monozygotic) twins and fraternal (dizygotic) twins;Since identical twins have more common genes than fraternal twins, a greater similarity between the former implies a genetic influence on the trait being measured

Back 16

Example of Genetic Similarity

Front 17

True or False: The results of research suggest that intelligence, Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, Alcoholism, temperament, Certain forms of Cancer, Hypertension, have a strong genetic component?

Back 17

True

Front 18

How many stages occur in prenatal development?

Back 18

Three

Front 19

Name of the first two weeks of prenatal development?

Back 19

Germinal Stage

Front 20

During the Germinal stage of Prenatal development, what is the name of the fertilized ovum/

Back 20

A Zygote

Front 21

Name of the pre natal development stage that encompasses the beginning of the third week through the eighth week.

Back 21

The Embryonic Stage

Front 22

Name of the pre natal development stage which begins at the onset of the ninth week and continues until birth

Back 22

The Fetal Stage

Front 23

What is the ratio of infants who are born with a substantial birth defect?

Back 23

1 in 6

Front 24

What are some causes of birth defects?

Back 24

Genetic Factors, Exposure to Teratogens, Poor Maternal Health, Complications during the birth process

Front 25

True or False; Most birth defects attributable to Genetics are the result of either a pair of recessive genes or a Chromosomal abnormality?

Back 25

True

Front 26

What are some examples of recessive gene disorders?

Back 26

SickleCellanemia, Tay-Sachs Disease, Cystic Fibrosis, Some forms of Diabetes, and Phenlyketonuria (PKU)

Front 27

What are some examples of Chromosomal abnormalities?

Back 27

The are either sex linked or autosomal--Turners, Klinefelters, and Fragle X syndromes are

Front 28

What is the most common Chromosomal Birth Defect?

Back 28

Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

Front 29

What is the cause of Down Syndrome?

Back 29

It is caused by an extra (#21) Chromosome

Front 30

What are Teratogens?

Back 30

Substances that cross the placental barrier and cause defects in the embryo or fetus

Front 31

Exposure to Teratogens at which stafe of prenatal development is most likely to cause major structural abnormalities?

Back 31

Embryonic Stage

Front 32

What are some common Teratogens?

Back 32

Alcohol, Narcotics, Cocaine, Nicotine, and Lead

Front 33

Alcohol consumption by a woman during pregnancy can produce (A)___________ in the infant?

Back 33

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Front 34

True or False; The risk for FAS is highest and the symptoms most severe when the mother drinks heavily every day or , in the early stages of pregnancy engages in binge drinking/

Back 34

Ture

Front 35

Babies born to Narcotics Addicts are addicted themselvers and exhibit (A)____________

Back 35

Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome

Front 36

Characterized by tremors, restlessness, rapid respiration, seizures, and can lead to death

Back 36

Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome

Front 37

True or False; Cigarette smoking is associated with placental abnormalities that can causse fetal deaths and stillbirth, are at higher risk for a low birthweight, SIDS,respiratory diseases, and may have emotional disturbances and intellectual deficits?

Back 37

True

Front 38

Whatare some material conditions that could affect the fetus?

Back 38

Rubella, HIV/Aids, Malnutrition, Stress

Front 39

What is Anoxia?

Back 39

Oxygen shortage

Front 40

Can cause Anoxia to the fetus during the birth process

Back 40

A) A twisted umbilical cord
B) The sedatives given to the mother

Front 41

What are some potential consequences of Anoxia?

Back 41

A)Delayed motor and cognitive development
B)Mental Retardation
C)In Severe Cases-Cerebral Palsy

Front 42

When an infant is explosed to Herpes Simplex 2 during the birth process, what is the baby at risk for?

Back 42

Death, Brain Damage, Blindness

Front 43

What is a common practice of Childbirth when a mother is infected with the Herpes virus?

Back 43

Delivering babies through Cesarian Section

Front 44

True or False: The physical status of newborns is described in terms of lenth of gestation and birth? weight.

Back 44

True

Front 45

A full term infant has a gestational age of?

Back 45

37-42 Weeks

Front 46

True or False: An infant born after 42 weeks is post-mature?

Back 46

True

Front 47

True or False: When a newborns weight is below the 10th percentile for his or her gestational age, the infant is small for gestational (SGA); When the infant's weight is above the 90th percentile, it is large for gestational (LGA)

Back 47

True

Front 48

What has the risk for prematurity been linked to?

Back 48

Low Socioeconomic Status, Teen Mothers, Malnutrition, and Drug Use

Front 49

When a women is infected with (A)________ during the first trimester, the infant is at high risk for heart defects, blindness, deafness, and mental retardation

Back 49

Rubella

Front 50

Malnutrition is associated with a number of abnormalities with severe (A)________ deficiency being especially detrimental for the developing brain

Back 50

A) Protein

Front 51

How far can the newborn see at birth?

Back 51

20 Feet

Front 52

At what age is the infants visual acuity probably very close to that of a normal adult?

Back 52

Six Months

Front 53

True or False; The fetus hears sounds in the uterus during the last months of development?

Back 53

True

Front 54

Unlearned responses to a particular stimuli in the environment are?

Back 54

Reflexes

Front 55

Name 6 major reflexes of the newborn.

Back 55

Babinski, Babkin, Rooting, Moro, Palmar Grasp, Stepping

Front 56

Toes fan out and upward when soles of the feet are tickled

Back 56

Babinski Reflex

Front 57

Closes eyes, opens mouth, and turns head to the side when pressure is applied to both palms

Back 57

Babkin Reflex

Front 58

Turns head in the direction of touch applied to the cheek

Back 58

Rooting Reflex

Front 59

Flings arms and legs ourtward and then toward the body in response to a loud noise or sudden loss of physical support

Back 59

Moro Reflex

Front 60

Grabs objects lightly when placed in palm

Back 60

Palmer Grip Reflex

Front 61

Makes coordinated walking movements when held upright with feet tocuching flat surface

Back 61

Stepping reflex

Front 62

At birth, what percentage is attributed to the size of brain?

Back 62

It is only 25% of it's birth weight

Front 63

By what age has the brain reached nearly 80% od it's adult weight?

Back 63

2 y/o

Front 64

The formation of glial cells are responsible for ?

Back 64

The myelination of the nerve fibers

Front 65

At what age does the brain reach it's full weight?

Back 65

16

Front 66

What part of the brain is responsable for hight level cognitive functions, language, spatial skills, and complex motor activities?

Back 66

Cerebral Cortex

Front 67

When do Gender differences in motor development begin to appear?

Back 67

Middle Childhood

Front 68

Piagets Constructivism

Back 68

A) The most influential therory of cognitive development
B)The basic preise of Piagets Constructivism is that people actively construct higher levels of knowledge from elements contributed throught biological maturation and the environment

Front 69

Some Concepts which are fundamental to Piaget's Theory are

Back 69

A)Adaptation-Piaget believed that, just as living organisms adapt to their environment biologically, people adapt to their environment cognitively. Adaptation entails 2 complementary processess-Assimilation and Accomodation.
B)Equilibration- The motivation for cognitive development comes from a drive toward cognitive balance or equilibrium

Front 70

Piaget described cognitive development as involving an invariant sequence of how many stages? Name them.

Back 70

Four-
1-Sensorimotor (Birth-2 yrs)
2-Preoperational (2-7 yrs)
3-Concrete Operational(7-11 yrs)
4-Formal Operational (11+ years)

Front 71

At which stage is thought based on action a child learns about objects through sensory information provided by them (how they look, feel, and taste) and the action that can be performed on them (sucking, grasping, hitting, etc)

Back 71

Sensorimotor Stage

Front 72

A key accomplishment of this stage is the development of object permanence which allows the child to recognize that objects continue to exist when they are out of sight.

Back 72

Sensorimotor Stage

Front 73

The ability to imitate someone or something no longer present is called (A)__________ and occurs during which stage (B)______________

Back 73

A) Deferred Imitation
B) Sensorimotor Stage

Front 74

The stage that begins with the emergence of the semiotic function (representational thought) which enables a child to use a symbol, object, gesture or word to stand for something and thereby use language and to think about past and future events

Back 74

PreOperational Stage

Front 75

The stage of cognitive development where Children demonstrate intuitive thinking, engage in symbolicplay and can solve problems mentally.

Back 75

Pre-Operational Stage

Front 76

What factors are limited during the pre-operational stage of cognitive development

Back 76

A)Egocentrism, Animism
B)Unable to understand that actions can be reversed
C)Unable to conserve or recognize that changing one dimension of an object does not change it's other dimensions (Ex. Pouring a liquid from a short fat glass to a tall thin one-more likely to say ther is more liquid in the tall one)

Front 77

In this stage of cognitive development Children are capable of mental operations which are logical rules for transforming and manipulating information

Back 77

Concrete Operational Stage

Front 78

During this stage of cognitive development, a person is able to think abstractly, relativistically, and hypothetically.

Back 78

Formal Operational Stage

Front 79

What are some specific processes that psychologist interested in information processing focus on?

Back 79

Perception, Memory, Inference, and the use of rules

Front 80

What is the Vygotskyian Approach?

Back 80

Russian Psychologist Vygotsky acknowledged the impact of biology on cognitive development, but placed greater emphasis on cultural factors

Front 81

The Zone of Proximal Development is basic concept in whose theory?

Back 81

Vygotsky

Front 82

What is the zone of Proximal Development?

Back 82

It refers to the distance between a childs current developmental level (ex. the level at which the child can function independently) and the level of development that is just beyond his or her current level

Front 83

(A)_________describes cognitive performance and development as involving interactions between the individual and his or her context, which may produce change in both the individual and the context

Back 83

Bronfenbrenners Ecological Systems Theory

Front 84

What are the four nested levels in Bronfenbrenners theory?

Back 84

The Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem

Front 85

Microsystem

Back 85

Encompasses the face to face relationships between the person and the immediate setting (eg. People in the home, school, and workplace)

Front 86

Mesosystem

Back 86

Is made up of the interrelationships between the major settings in which the person participates in (eg. between family members and between family members and school personnel)

Front 87

Exosystem

Back 87

Composed of Social Structures that impinge upon or encompass the person's immediate settings (eg. neighborhood, church, mass media, government, parents workplace)

Front 88

Macrosystem

Back 88

Refers to the ideologies, customs, values of the persons culture and subculture that determine the patterns of structures and activities that occur at the concrete level

Front 89

Do children and adults differ with regard to both short term(working) and long term memory?

Back 89

Yes

Front 90

What is metacognition?

Back 90

The ability to think about our thinking

Front 91

What is metamemory?

Back 91

The aspect of metacognition that involves an ability to reflect on memory as a process

Front 92

Define Infantile Amnesia

Back 92

The ability to remember events from childhood indicate that children and adults are rarely able to recall experiences that occurred prior to age three

Front 93

What are one of the most consistent findings regarding gifted children?

Back 93

Gifted children achieve slightly higher scores on measures of self concept,especially academic self concept, have better meta cognitive skills;more aware of their cognitive processes thatn their non-gifted peers and are better at selecting, applying, and evaluating cognitive strategies

Front 94

According to Piaget, what does Assimilation involve?

Back 94

It involves incorporating new information into existing schemas

Front 95

According to Piaget, What does Accomodation entail?

Back 95

It entails modifying existing schemas to incorporate new informatiom

Front 96

Piagets Preoperational stage begins with the emergence of (A)___________

Back 96

Semiotic Thought

Front 97

What is Semiotic Thought?

Back 97

It is representational thought. It enables a child to use a symbol, object, gesture, or word to stand for something.

Front 98

Piagets (A)________stage is characterized by the ability to think abstractly, relativistically, and hypothetically

Back 98

Formal Operations Stage

Front 99

Research comparing the memory of children and adults suggest that until about age (A)_________Children do not regularly use rehearsal, elaboration, and other memory strategies.

Back 99

9-10

Front 100

Improvements on Cognitive tasks that occur as children get older seem to be due in part, to improvements in (A)___________

Back 100

Metacognition

Front 101

What is the Nativist approach in language development?

Back 101

It attributes language acquistion to biological mechanisms and stresses universal patterns of language development

Front 102

What is an innate language acquisition device (LAD)

Back 102

It makes it possible for a person to acquire language just by being exposed to it.

Front 103

According to the Nativist Approach proposal in language development - studies show that children master the baskics of language between the ages of (A)__________

Back 103

4-6 regardless of complexity of their native language

Front 104

True or False: Children from all cultures pass through the same stages of language development?

Back 104

True

Front 105

According to Nativist approach, what is critical period for language

Back 105

It is sometime between infancy and puberty

Front 106

What is the interactionast approach to language development?

Back 106

Interactionast regard language development as the result of a combination of biological and environmental factors

Front 107

What is the Social communications version of the interactionast approach?

Back 107

It stresses the impact of social interactions. For instance, in at least some cultures, adults seem to naturally use motherease when speaking to very young children

Front 108

What is motherease

Back 108

When you speak more slowly, use shorter and simpler sentences, exageratte and repeat the ost important words, and frequently ask questions.

Front 109

How many dimensions is language described in? What are they?

Back 109

Five- Phonology, Morphology, syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics

Front 110

Phonology

Back 110

Refers to what language sounds like. Phonemes are the smallest units of sound in a language

Front 111

Morphology

Back 111

Refers to its rules for word formation. Morphenes are the smallest combination of sounds that have a meaning. Prepositions, prefixes, suffixes, and whole words are morphenes.

Front 112

Syntax

Back 112

Refers to the rules of grammar that specify how words are to be combined to form sentences

Front 113

Semantics

Back 113

The rules for selecting the words and phrases that express the intended meaning. An understanding of Semantics is necessary to interpert sentences, paragraphs, etc.

Front 114

Pragmatics

Back 114

Specify how language is to be used in different social context. Pragmatics encompass rules related to turn taking, non verbal behaviors and the use of slang

Front 115

What does "surface structure" refer to in language development?

Back 115

Refers to the organization of words, phrases, and sentences

Front 116

What does "deep structure" refer to in language development.

Back 116

Refers to the underlying meaning of sentences

Front 117

Chomskys notion of transformational grammar.

Back 117

Speaking involves transforming deep structure (meaning) into surface structure (grammatical sentences), while listening entails transforming a sentence's surface structure into it's deep structure

Front 118

What are some stages of language acquisition?

Back 118

Crying, Cooing and Babbling, Echolalia, and Expressive Jargon, Holophasic Speech, Telegraphic speech, vocabulary growth, grammatically correct sentences, metalinguistic awareness.

Front 119

Cooing

Back 119

Beginning at 6-8 weeks, infants produce simple cooing sounds that consist mainly of vowels and that are usually emitted when the infant is happy and contented

Front 120

Babbling

Back 120

At about four months of age-babbling-which involves the repetition of simple consonant and vowel sounds (Ex. bi-bi-bi)

Front 121

True or False: Between 9 and 14 months babies narrow their repertoire of sounds to those of their native language?

Back 121

True

Front 122

Echolalia

Back 122

Beginning at about 9 months children imitate adult speech sounds and words without an understanding of their meaning

Front 123

Expressive Jargon

Back 123

Follows echolalia by vocalizations of sounds that resemble sentences, but that again have no meaning

Front 124

Holophasic Speech

Back 124

From 1-2 years children use holophases which ae single words that express whole phrases and sentences

Front 125

Telegraphic Speech

Back 125

By 18-24 months children string 2 or more words together to make a sentence

Front 126

Vocabulary Growth

Back 126

Prior to 18 months , vocabulary growth is slow. Ater that point children begin to exhibit a rapid increase in vocabulary-fastest rate of growth occuring between 30-36 months

Front 127

Early studies comparing language acquisition in boys and girls found?

Back 127

Girls speak earlier, articulate better, and have fewer speech defects

Front 128

Attachment

Back 128

Refers to the strong emotional bond that develops between an infant and his/her primary caregiver

Front 129

How does psychoanalytic theory describe attachment of an infant to it's mother?

Back 129

The consequence of oral gratification

Front 130

How does learning theory describe attachment of an infant to it's mother?

Back 130

Regards it more generally as the result of reinforcement

Front 131

Which theory has received more support-Psychoanalytic or learning?

Back 131

Learning theory

Front 132

Harlows research with rhesus monkeys concluded what?

Back 132

That a baby's attachment to its mother is due in part to contact comfort, or the pleasant tactile sensation that is provided by a soft, cuddly parent

Front 133

Ethological Theory

Back 133

Proposes that humans and other organisms have a biological tendency to form attachments because the help guarantee an infants survival

Front 134

True or False: Bowlby applied the notion of critical period to human attachment and proposed that exposure of an infant to it's mother during this period results in a bond with them

Back 134

True

Front 135

Stranger Anxiety

Back 135

6-8 months old children become very anxious and fearful in the presence of strangers. It continues to age 2 and then diminishes.

Front 136

Separation Anxiety

Back 136

Refers to severe distress that occurs when a child is separated from his or her primary caretaker-Begins 7-8 months of age and peaks in intensity at 14-18 months and then gradually declines

Front 137

Name 4 patterns of Attachment

Back 137

Secure
Insecure (Anxious/Avoidant)
Insecure (Anxious/Ambivalent)
Disorganized/Disoriented

Front 138

Secure Attachement

Back 138

Securely attached infant is mildly upset by his/her mothers absence

Front 139

Insecure (Anxious/Ambivalent)Attachment

Back 139

Baby becomes very disturbed when left alone with a stranger but are ambivalent when their mother returns and may become angry and resist her atempts at physical contact.

Front 140

Insecure (Anxious/Avoidant) Attachment

Back 140

An avoidant baby shows little distress when his or her mother leaves the room and avoids or ignores her when she returns

Front 141

Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment

Back 141

These children exhibit fear of their caretakers confused facial expressions, and a variety of other disorganized attachment behaviors

Front 142

Does early attachment affect subsequent development?

Back 142

Yes. At age 4 or 5 children who are securely attached as infants are usually more curious, more popular with peers, and less dependent on adults, and as adults they have a high self esteem, and a strong sense of personal identity

Front 143

Anaclitic Depression

Back 143

A syndrome involving developmental delays, unresponsiveness, and withdrawal

Front 144

Accorging to Bowlby a childs reaction to prolonged separation from a primary caretaker involves three stages;Name them.

Back 144

The protest stage, The Despair stage, and The Detachment stage

Front 145

Protest Stage

Back 145

The child refuses to accept the separation and responds by crying scraming, kicking

Front 146

Despair Stage

Back 146

Follows the protest Stage-In which the child seems to give up all hope andbecomes quiet, inactive, and withdrawn

Front 147

Detachment Stage

Back 147

If the separation continues, the detachment stage occurs. The child begins to accept attention from others, seems less unhappy, and may react with disinterest when visited by the caretaker

Front 148

Prolonged separation from a caregiver is least likly to have a negative effect on the infant when the infant is?

Back 148

Less than 3 years of age

Front 149

Ealy institutionalization may lead to a condition known as?

Back 149

Anaclitec Depression

Front 150

(A)________refers to a person's basic disposition. It is a characteristic that seems to be strongly affected by heredity and is to some degree apparent at birth.

Back 150

Temperament

Front 151

What does Rothbart propose as it relates to temperament?

Back 151

Individual differences in temperament reflect differences in reactivity (excitability) and self control (inhibition)

Front 152

Buss and Plomin consiter variations in temperament as due to what?

Back 152

Differences in emotionality, activity, and sociability

Front 153

True or False: Evidence for a genetic etiology of this characteristic (temperament) s provided by studies showing that identical twins are more similar in terms of temperament than fraternal twins.

Back 153

True

Front 154

According to Thomas and Chess, How are infants and children characterized regarding temperament?

Back 154

Easy, difficult, slow to warm up children

Front 155

Does temperament in infancy correlate somewhat with later personality and adjustment.

Back 155

Yes

Front 156

What are Freuds Psychosexual Stages?

Back 156

Oral (Birth to 1 yr)
Anal (1-3 yrs)
Phallic (3-6 yrs)
Latency (6-12 yrs)
Genital (12+ yrs)

Front 157

Oral Stage

Back 157

The mouth is the focus of sensation and stimulation during this stage. Weaning is the primary source of conflict. Fixation results in dependence passivity, gullibility, sarcasm, and orally focused habits (smoking, nailbiting, overeating, etc)

Front 158

Anal Stage

Back 158

Main issue during this stage is the control of bodily waste and conflicts stemming from issues related to toilet training. Fixaion produces anal retentiveness (Stinginess, selfishness, obsessive compulsive behavior) or anal expulsiveness (cruelty, destructiveness, messiness)

Front 159

Phallic Stage

Back 159

The primary taks is the resolution of the Oedipal conflict which is marked by a desire for the opposite sex parent and a view of the same sex parent as the rival. A successful outcome results from identification with the same sex parent and development of the superego. Fixation can produce a phallic character which involves the sexual exploitation of others.

Front 160

Latency Stage (6-12 yrs)

Back 160

During this stage libidinal energy is diffuse rather than focused on any one area of the body and the emphasis is on deveoping social skills rather than achieving sexual gratification.

Front 161

Genital Stage (12 +)

Back 161

Libido is again centered in the genitals and successful outcome in this stage occurs when sexual desire is blended with affection to produce mature sexual relationships.

Front 162

How does Erikson's theory of Psychosocial Development differ from Freuds?

Back 162

A)Erikson stresses the role of social (verses sexual) factors and his stages of development each involve a different pshychosocial crises
B) Erikson places greater emphasis on the ego than on the id
C) Erikson views personality development as a process that continues throughout the lifespan and involves an increasing "widening circle" of contacts with significant individuals, social institutions, and cultural practices

Front 163

What are Eriksons eight stages of development?

Back 163

A) Basic Trust vs Mistrust (infancey)
B) Autonomy Vs. Shame/Doubt (toddlerhood)
C) Initiative Vs. Guilt (Early Childhood)
D)Industry vs. Inferiority
(School Age)
E)Identity vs Role Confusion (Adolescence)
F)Intimacy vs Isolation (Young Adulthood)
G)Generativity Vs Stagnation
(middle adulthood)
H)Integrity vs. Despair
(maturation/old age)

Front 164

Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy)

Back 164

A positive relationship with one's primary caretaker during infancy results in a sense of trust and optimism

Front 165

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddlerhood)

Back 165

A sense of self (autonomy) develops out of positive interactions with one's parents or other caretakers

Front 166

Initiative vs. Guilt (Early childhood)

Back 166

Family members are the primary 'significant' others during early childhood. Favorable relationships result in an ability to set goals and devise and carry out plans without infringing upon the rights of others.

Front 167

Industry vs. Inferiority (School Age)

Back 167

The most important influences at this stage are people in the neighborhood and school. To avoid feeling of inferiority the school age child must master certain social and academic skills.

Front 168

Identity vs. Role confusion (Adolescence)

Back 168

Peers are the dominant social influence in adolescence. A positive outcome is reflected in a sense of personal identity and a direction for the future

Front 169

Intimacy vs Isolation (Young Adulthood)

Back 169

The main task during early adulthood is the establishment of intimate bonds of love and friendship. If such bonds are not achieved, self absorbtion and isolation will result

Front 170

Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood)

Back 170

The people one lives and works with are most important during this stage. A generative persons exhibits committment to the well being of future generations

Front 171

Integrity vs Despair (Maturation/Old Age)

Back 171

In this final stage, social influence broadens to include all of 'humankind'. A sense of integrity requires coming to terms with one's limitations and mortality

Front 172

What are the four periods of the lifespan according to levinson.

Back 172

Infancy through Adolescence
Early Adulthood
Middle Adulthood
Late Adulthood

Front 173

Who has presented one of the most widely cited frameworks for understanding the impact of parenting on personality development.

Back 173

Ms. Baumrind (1991)

Front 174

What two dimensions of parenting does her (Baumrind) approach combine to derive four parenting styles?

Back 174

Warmth and Control

Front 175

Authoritarian Parents

Back 175

They exhibit a high degree of control and little warmth. They impose absolute standards of conduct, stress obediance, and are willing to use harsh punsishment to gain compliance. Their children are often irritable, aggressive, and dependent and have a limited sense of responsibility, low levels of self esteem, and academic achievement

Front 176

Authoritative Parents

Back 176

They combine rational control with warmth, responsiveness, and encouragement of independence. Althought they set clear rules and high standards for their children, they explain the rationale for their decisions and encourage discussion. Children of these parents are asertive, self confident, socially responsable, achievment oriented, and often achieve high grades in school.

Front 177

Indulgent Permissive Parents

Back 177

Are Warm and caring, but provide little control, make few demands, and are non punitive. Their children tend to be impulsive, self centered, easily frustrated, and low in achievement and independence

Front 178

Indulgent Uninvolved Parents

Back 178

Exhibit low levels of warmth and control, and they minimize the time and effort they spend with their children. Children of these parents have low self esteem, and are often impulsive moody and aggressive.

Front 179

True or False: Parents rely on different disciplinary techniques to reduce aggression and other undesireable behaviors in their children?

Back 179

True

Front 180

Power assertion and Induction are examples of what?

Back 180

Discliplinary Techniques

Front 181

Power Assertion

Back 181

A directive style that relies on physical punishment, threats, and deprivation

Front 182

True or FalseThe use of punishment to control agression can actually increase aggressiveness in children. :

Back 182

True

Front 183

Induction

Back 183

It is charecterized by the use of reasoning, praise, explanation, and the communication of clear standards of behavior. Induction is associated with a number of benefits including reduced aggression and increased pro social behaviors

Front 184

What are Kubler Ross' five stages of Death

Back 184

A)Denial and Isolation (No, this isn't happening to me)
B) Anger (Why me?)
C)Bargaining (Yes me, but not until my grandchild is born)
D) Depression (Yes me)
E) Acceptance (My time is close, and that is alright)

Front 185

According to Atchley adjustment to retirement involves four stages. Name them.

Back 185

A)The pre retirement phase-Involves making plans for the future
B)The honeymoon phase-Right after retirement. Retirees enjoy new found freedom.
C)Disenchantment- As novelty wears off-What retirees face.
D) Re orientation phase- Retired adults put together a satisfactory and realistic lifestyle

Front 186

True or False: A negative outcome is more likely for people who retire early because of poor health or have substancial financial problems after retirement?

Back 186

True

Front 187

Gender role development involves acquiring (A)_______

Back 187

A gender identity and adopting gender role behaviors

Front 188

Social Learning Theory

Back 188

Proposes that it is the result of a combination of observational learning and differential reinforcement

Front 189

An explanation for gender typing which is provided by Kohlberg is called (A)_______

Back 189

Cognitive Developmental Theory

Front 190

Under Kohlbergs explanation of Cognitive Developmental Theory children acquire a gender identity at what age?

Back 190

2 or 3

Front 191

When children realize that gender idnetity is stable over time what is this termed?

Back 191

Gender stability

Front 192

Gender Constancy

Back 192

By age 6 or 7 children understand that gender is constant over situations and know that people cannot change gender by superficially altering their external appearance or behavior.

Front 193

True or False: Beginning in Middle age, there may be some degree of gender-role reversal with men becoming more passive, expressive, sensitiv, and dependent, and women becoming more active, outgoing, independent, and competitive.

Back 193

True

Front 194

Ethnic/Racial Identity

Back 194

Refers to that part of the self concept that is related to one's membership in a particular ethnic or racial group along with one's feelings and beliefs concerning group membership.

Front 195

Acculturation has four forms. Name them.

Back 195

A)Assimilation
B)Integration
C)Separation
D)Marginality

Front 196

Assimilation

Back 196

Involves identifying solely with the majority culture

Front 197

Integration

Back 197

Is charecterized by identification with and involvement in both cultures

Front 198

Separation

Back 198

Involves identifying exclusively with one's own culture

Front 199

Marginality

Back 199

Marked by a lack of identification with either culture

Front 200

True or False: Of these options, intergration leads to better psychological adjustment and higher self esteem

Back 200

True

Front 201

Marcia distinguished four states of identity issues in adolescence. Name them.

Back 201

Identity Diffusion
Identity Foreclosure
Identity Moratorium
Identity Achievemnent

Front 202

Identity Diffusion

Back 202

Adolescents exhibiting diffusion have not yet experienced an identity crises, explored alternatives, or committed to an identity.

Front 203

Identity Foreclosure

Back 203

Adoldescents are manifesting foreclosure when they have not experienced a crises, but have adopted an identity (Occupation, ideology etc) that has been imposed by others (Often the same sex parents)

Front 204

Identity Moratorium

Back 204

Occurs when an adolescent experiences an identity crises and actively explores alternative identities. It is during this period that teens exhibit a high degree of confusion, discontent, and rebelliousness.

Front 205

Identity Achievement

Back 205

Adolescents who have resolved the identity crisis by evaluating alternatives and committing to an identity are "identity achieved". The choice of an identity is often not permanent, and further change may occur.

Front 206

Who proclaimed that adolescence is a time of storm and stress involving emotional maladjustment?

Back 206

Hall