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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Albumin
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1) Malnutrition
2) infections 3) malignancy 4) liver dx 5) kidney dx 6) GI dx |
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α-Fetoprotein
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1) neural tube defects
2) tumor marker 3) Down Syndrome (low) |
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α1-Antitrypsin
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API deficiency
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Prothrombin
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Coagulation screen, liver function test
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Ceruloplasmin
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1) Wilson’s disease
2) malnutrition 3) nephrotic syndrome - Cu transport - superoxide scavenger |
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Haptoglobin
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1) Hemolytic disorders
- binds hemoglobin |
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α2- Macroglobulin
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Proteinuria
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Thyroxine binding globulin
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thyroid disease
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C-Reactive Protein
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- Infection used with ESR
- binds extracts of pneumococcal cell wall (high) |
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β2 Microglobulin
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1) Myelomas
2) renal failure |
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Transferrin
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Iron Deficiency (TIBC)
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Immunoglobulins
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1) Liver dx
2) infections 3) paraproteinemias |
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Anti-protease Inhibitor
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- protease inhibitor
- high |
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fibrinogen
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clotting
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α1- acid glycoprotein
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tissue repair
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Alkaline phosphatase
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1) Cholestatic liver dx
2) osteoblast activity in bone disease |
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amylase
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cell damage in acute pancreatitis
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creatine kinase
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1) skeletal muscle disorders
2) MI 3) brain tumor - mainly found in contracting muscle |
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γ-glutamyl transferase
(gamma) |
- sensitive marker of liver damage
- higher is m than f - not associated with bone, used to differentiate tissues with ALP |
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lactate dehydrogenase
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1) muscle damage
2) MI |
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plasma cholinesterase
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1) scoline apnea
2) organophosphous poisoning - degrade anesthetics and cocaine - decrease: hepatic disease (made in liver) - increase: nephrotic syndrome |
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acetyl cholinesterase
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- nerve endings and erythrocytes NEVER in plasma
|
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causes of cell damage and death
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1) hypoxia
2) toxic substances 3) infections 4) trauma 5) immune destruction |
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Alkaline phosphatases
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1) high fat meals
2) infancy and childhood 3) normal pregnancy 4) dx of biliary tract |
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Acid phosphatases
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prostate specific antigen tumor marker
|
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Alanine transaminase
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1) Hepatocellular damage
2) cholestatic jaundice 3) post cardiac surgery |
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Aspartate transaminase
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1) Hepatocellular damage
2) marker of MI 3) high [ ] in kidney, erythrocytes, cardiac and skeletal muscle 4) circulatory failure 5) acute viral hepatitis |
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isoenzymes of Lactate Dehydrogenase
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- MI and renal: LD1 & 2
- Leukemia and malignancy: LD 2 & 3 - Liver or skeletal muscle: LD 4& 5 |
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Contains factors VIIIa, IXa, X, Ca
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tenase complex
|
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hydrolyses prothrombin to thrombin
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Xa
|
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active form involved in degrading factors VIIIa and Va
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Protein C
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caused by deficiency of factor IX
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hemophilia b
|
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contains factors Va, Xa, II and Ca
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prothrombinase complex
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catalyses conversion of soft fibring clot to hard fibrin clot
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Factor XIIIa
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Factor XII (12)
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- Hageman Factor
- Binds to exposed collagen Activated by HMW Kininogen & Kallikrein |
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Factor XI (11)
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- PTA
- Activated by factor XIIa (12a) |
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Factor IX (9)
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- Christmas Factor (PTC)
- Activated by factor XIa (11a) in presence of Ca2+ |
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Factor VII (7)
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- proconvertin SPCA
- activated by thrombin and Ca |
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Factor X (10)
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- Stuart-Prower Factor
- Activated on surface of platelets, VIIa (7a) TF, Ca2+ |
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Factor II (2)
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- prothrombin
- Activated on surface of platelets, prothrombinase |
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Factor VIII (8)
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- antihemophila factor A
- AHG - Activated by thrombin; factor VIIIa (8a)is cofactor for X (10) by IX(9) act. |
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Factor V
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- proaccelerin (labile factor)
- Activated by thrombin; Va is cofactor in for II by Xa act. |
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Factor III (TF)
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- Tissue Factor
- Sub endothelial cell surface glycoprotein; cofactor for VII |
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factor I
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- fibrinogen
- Cleaved by thrombin to form the fibrin clot |
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Factor XIII (13)
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- fibrin stabilizer
- activated by thrombin and Ca |
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Von Willebrand factor
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Associated with sub endothelial connective tissue: serves as bridge between platelet glycoprotein GPIb/IX and collagen
|
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Protein C
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Activated to Ca by thrombin bound to thrombomodulin; degrades factors VIIIa and Va
|
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Protein S
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Cofactor of protein C; both contain gla residues
|
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Thrombomodulin
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Protein on surface of endothelial cells: binds thrombin to activate protein C
|
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Antithrombin III
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Most important coagulation inhibitor; controls activities of IIa, factors IXa, Xa, XIa and XIIa
|
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intrinsic pathway
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12 -->11-->9 +8 --> 10+ 5 --> thrombin --> fibrin, 13 --> stable fibrin clot
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extrinsic pathway
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7 --> 10 +5 --> thrombin--> fibrin 13 --> stable fibrin clot
|
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factors inactivated by heparin
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1) XIIa 12a
2) XIa 11a 3) IXa 9a 4) Xa 10a 5) Thrombin |
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Thrombin inhibitors
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1) α2- macroglobulin
2) α1- antitrypsin 3) heparin cofactor II |
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disorders of fibrinogen and factor XIII (13)
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- pts with CHD, hyperlipidemias, diabetes and hypertension
- pregnancy menopause, and contraceptives and smokers - |
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von Willebrand Disease
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- deficiency in vWF
- most common bleeding disorder - defective platelet adhesion (VIII) - AD |
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Factor XI deficiency
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- ashkenazic jews
- AD - injury related bleeding |
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antithrombin deficiency
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- dVT and pulmonary embolism
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