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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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States Hispanic Population
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California is #1: 11 million Hispanics
Texas: 6.7 million in 2000, up from 4.3 million in 1990 Growing percentage: from 25.5% to 32% Followed by New York, Florida, Illinois, Arizona, New Jersey, New Mexico, Colorado, and Massachusetts Not all Tejanos are of Mexican origin |
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Teacher to Student Ration
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4% of public school teachers are Hispanic
Hispanics are 15 percent of all students High school drop out rate Anglos: 8% African Americans: 14% Hispanics: 30% Hispanic Immigrants: 44% Hispanics born in the US: 21% |
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High school college preparatory programs
• Anglos (50%), African Americans (43%), and Hispanics (35%) 10 percent of college student enrollment… • …but 14.5% of traditional college-age population |
Community college enrollment
• 44% of all Latino collegians • 30% of all Anglo collegians More part time enrollment Longer time to graduate |
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What are the theories to Latino politics.
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Pluralism
Key theory in American politics about power Coalitional Bias Class emphasis Internal Colonialism Historical focus Deficiency theories “Blame the victim” Bias Theories Overt discrimination Structural Discrimination theories Not necessarily intentional Two-Tiered Pluralism (Rodney Hero) Accounts for unique Latino situation |
Clean up for Contractors, lock up mara!
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Jorge Del Pinal?
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“Hispanic” chosen by Jorge Del Piñal of the US Census Bureau
Race or Ethnicity? Officially an ethnicity; can be of any race About half of Latinos in 2000 Census identified racially as white (47.9%) About half identified as “other” (42.2%) |
penis to "latinos"
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Side 1, Hispanic is Valid?
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Language, religion, family life, Voting Rights Act, SES, Anglo perception and treatment, parallel with previous immigrants
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Side 2
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Side 2: Hispanic is a meaningless name – a political and marketing creation
Varied experiences, different SES, little interaction, varying political power, varying numbers, varying citizenship status, different political interests |
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Elite uses of "Hispanic"
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Congressional Hispanic Caucus and Conference
Hispanic Chamber of Commerce Hispanic Magazine |
mag
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Phillip Gonzalez?
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Identity in New Mexico
Phillip Gonzales article Spanish-American identifier No political or ideological meaning People have difficulty discussing the issue |
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Jones-Correa and Leal (1996)
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Few sole pan-ethnic identifiers (PID)
But 41 % primary or secondary identifier Increases by generation, age, and education So PID is being constructed in the United States No relation with common culture/issue questions Slightly related to greater political participation Only PID: less agreement with culture/issues |
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Battle of San Jacinto
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Sam Houston defeats and captures Santa Anna
Treaty of Velasco: repudiated by Mexican Congress US annexes Texas in 1845 (28th state) Manifest Destiny |
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“Mexican American War” vs. “War of the North American Invasion”
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US invasion of Mexico
Capture of Mexico City (From the Halls of Montezuma…) Santa Anna president of Mexico |
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
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Mexico receives $15 million (half of 1845 offer)
Mexico gives up claim to Texas Mexico gives up almost all other territory north of the Rio Grande (all or part of CA, AZ, NM, UT, NV, CO, KS, WY, and OK). Internal US Debate: Not unanimously in favor Moral reasons Anti-imperialist argument Cultural concerns |
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Consequences
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Anti-Americanism in Mexico
Consequences: Incorporating Mexican citizens 63,000 people died |
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Consequences for population
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75,000 to 100,000 Mexicans in U.S. territory
Mexico particularly concerned about their fate Could return to Mexico, remain as US citizens, or remain as legal aliens “all the rights of US citizens” Subsequent decline in political and economic influence Yet, over time, growing sense of solidarity, overcoming class, status, and geographic barriers |
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Economic and social problems
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Gold Rush in California
Large Anglo migration Residential segregation: choice and not a choice Changing legal system Issue of land grants: Court of Land Claims Property tax vs. ad valorem tax Legal expenses Changing job structures as economy diversifies “dual wage” structure |
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American business: needed labor
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First looked to Asia: China and Japan
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) & Gentleman’s Agreements (1907-8) Then turned to Mexico; demand across the US American labor agents in Mexico By 1920, almost 500,000 Hispanics (compared to 100,000 in 1848) |
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Johnson-Reid Immigration Act
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(1924)
Strict quotas per country Technically, no more immigration for any group than 2% of 1890 population figures in the US worked against people from eastern and southern Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Middle East Mexican immigration generally exempted Either in law or through administrative rules |
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Formation of Hispanic civic groupsGreat Depression
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El Orden Hijos de America
El Orden Caballeros de America League of Latin American Citizens Different orientation than mutualistas |
all have word America in them
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These civic groups:
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Pointedly excluded non-citizens
Promoted assimilation Overt patriotism Policy goals: voter registration, overturn poll-tax laws, attack segregation of public facilities, insist on Tejano representation on juries |
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1929: Consolidation into LULAC (League of United Latin American Citizens)
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Anti-communist rhetoric
Avoid class and capitalism issues Played down racism NAACP model: organize chapters; courtroom strategies (educational discrimination) Some issues, like labor, transcended citizenship CUOM: Confederation of Mexican Workers Unions |
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Key Event: World War II
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Occupational and geographic mobility
“Americans All” Increased immigration from Mexico (1942 Emergency Farm Labor Program) |
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Conflicts with Anglos
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Sleepy Lagoon Incident (1942)
Zoot Suit Riots (1943) World War II and loyalty suspicions Hispanic Response Use wartime rhetoric of unity and patriotism Alliances with liberal Anglos Manpower and subversion issues |
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Study these Slides, Notes, and what you know. Then skim Readings and bs with knowledge from everything else
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Shazzaamm
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War leads to manpower shortages
changes in immigration policy |
Business groups led the way
1942 Emergency Farm Labor Program “Bracero” program guaranteed set salary, good working conditions, free travel back to Mexico Legal for illegal immigrants to work in war industries FDR’s Executive Order 8802 prohibited discrimination in war industries |
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American GI Forum
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(1948)
Dr. Hector Garcia Expand beyond veterans issues Draft boards Felix Longoria affair Immunized to charge of communism |
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Ernest Galarza
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National Agricultural Workers’ Union (NAWU)
Critical of Bracero and illegal immigration Also blamed US and Mexican governments |
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New Immigration Laws
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Internal Security Act (1950)
Immigration and Nationality Act, aka McCarran-Walter Act (1952) Mexican-American groups supported the above at first, but later saw negative consequences |
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Operation Wetback (1954)
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Widely publicized sweeps of ‘illegal’ aliens
INS claimed 1 million deportees Many married to or parents of US citizens LULAC and AGIF reconsider immigration stands |
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Community Service Organization (1947)
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Edward Roybal (LA City Council, US Congress)
Goal of mobilizing the Hispanic community in Los Angeles Bridging gap between citizens and non-citizens Citizenship as self-defense against laws like McCarran-Walter |
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