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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Singular
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nominative: -a
genitive -ae accusative -am |
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Plural
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nom -ae
gen - arum acc -as |
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3rd person endings
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singular -t puella portat (the girl carries)
pluaral -nt puella portant (the girls carry) |
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FIRST DECLENSION singular
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nom: -a
gen: -ae acc: -am dat: -ae abl: -ā |
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FIRST DECLENSION plural
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nom: -ae
gen: -ārum acc: -ās dat: -īs abl: īs |
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DECLENSION
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1st: -a
2nd: -o 3rd: -i 4th: -u 5th: -e |
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Personal endings, singular
present indicative |
1st: -o
2nd: -s 3rd: -t |
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Personal endings, plural
present indicative |
1st: -mus
2nd: -tis 3rd: -nt |
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First conjugation
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ā
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second conjucation
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ē
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Imperfect tense, first and second conjugation
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Expresses past time; formed by puttin -bā between stem and ending. first person ending is -m intsead of -ō.
Long vowel is shortened before final -m, -t, and -nt -ne will form question; did x y? |
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Maximē and minimē
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Soemetimes the adverb alone or with the verb constitutes an affirmative or negative reply.
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Imperfect tense of sum, esse
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The stem for the imperfect of sum is era-
Personal endings are eram , I was erās, you were erat, he/she/it was erāmus, we were erātis: ya'll were ertant: they were |
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Dative of Possession
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This use is restircted to sentences exmploying a verm of sum/ Sapientia est tibi (you have wisdom) literally wisdom is to you
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Dative of interest/reference
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Used to indicate the person interested in or affected by the action or event described
Mihi fīlius est Marcos (literally: the son to me is Mark) |
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Nominative sg and pl
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-a
-ae |
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Genative
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-ae
- arum |
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Accusative sg and pl
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-am
-as |
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Second Declension of Nouns Singular Masculine
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-us(er)
- í - ó - um - o |
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Second Declension Singular Neuter
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- um
- í - ó - um - o |
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Second Declension Masculine plural
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- í
- órum - ís - ós - ís |
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Second Declension Neuter plural
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- a
- órum - ís - a - ís |
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Adjectives and declensions
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The adjective must agree in case number and gender but does not always have the same ending, as in puer bonus.
Since nearly all first declensions are fem. the few that are masculine must be paired with an adjective with the -us endings instead of the fem. ones. |
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Vocative
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Nearly all vocative forms are the same as the nominative forms. The exception is with masculine singular -us; instead it is changed to -e
Phoebe instead of Phoebus |
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Accusative with preposition
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sometimes the object of the preposition is in the accusative
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Verb compounds
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Often formed from a single base root with various prefixes: advocō, convocō, invocō, etcetera
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Ablative
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Used not only as the object of certain prepositions, but also used without a preposition to indicate the means or instrument by which something is done. Phoebus filiōs sagittīs necat. Phoebus kills the sons with his arrows (by means of).
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Enclitic -que
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It is another means of expressing and. Attached to the second of two correlative words nouns, verbs, or adjectives
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Future Tense, indicative rules
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insert a -bi between the stem and the personal endings of the verb. -ā is retained before the tense signin the first conjugation, and the -ē in the second conjugation.
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future Indicative, first conjugation
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vocābō
vocābis vocābit vocābimus vocābitis vocābunt |
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future Indicative second conjugation
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Docēbō
docēbis docēbit docēbimus docēbitis docēbunt |
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Two adjectives
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when two modify a single noun we usually translate it without the 'and' but in Latin they are connected with an et.
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-cum + pronoun
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It's attached to the end of the word tēcum (with you)
mēcum (with me) nōbīscum (with us) vōbīscum (with you pl.) Dominus vōbīscum: the Lord be with you |
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Second declension nouns -er -ir
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Some like puer keep the -e throughout the declension (puer, puerī, puerō...). Some like ager drop the -e after the nominative (ager, agrī, agrō...)
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Adjectives ending in -er
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Miser and pulcher. Pulcher drops the -e after the nominative, whereas miser keeps it in all forms.
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Future tense of sum
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The stem is eri-
erō eris erit erimus eritis erunt |
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Adjective word order
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Adjectives denoting size, quantity, and number generally precede the noun they modify.
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Perfect tense endings
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Singular:
-ī -istī -it plural: -imus -istis -ērunt |
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Perfect tense definition
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Refers to time already past, and not continuing into action. Doesn't refer to something that was continuous, usually just a single or completed action. Can be translated with auxiliaries has/have or did
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Second conjugation patterns
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-ō, -ēre, -ui
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Dative with certain adjectives, dependent dative
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A few adjectives are follwed by a noun (but in the examples they show the noun preceeding). The noun depends on the adjective, so it's sometimes called dependent dative. Arcadia est deō carā: Arcade is dear to the god.
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Subordinate clauses
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a subordinate clause introduced by sī expresses the condition under which the main clause is enacted. If Juno sees me, then X.
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Suus, eius
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They both mean his/hers/its, but suus is an adjective derived from Bonus, and agrees with the noun it modifies; but eius is a pronoun, the genitive singular of is, ea, id (he, she it); it doesn't change to fit the noun. Generally goes unexpressed unless it is unclear. Suus is used to indicate a reflexive possessive, one in which the subject is the possessor, and eius is used if the subject is not the possessor.
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