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29 Cards in this Set
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Caudillismo-
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Caudillo – a military or political strong man
§ After independence, the economic elite became somewhat autonomous and left politics to the military figures from the revolutions § Caudillos had regional power bases and exerted power over localized areas – a symptom of the disunity within large states § Some caudillos were able to take over the whole state – Juan Manuel de Rosas (Argentina), Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna (Mexico) – but most ruled their regional enclaves § Caudillismo and the support bases established around them gave rise to the cult of the individual that we see later in populism – associated influences of paternalism, clientelism and authoritarianism |
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Post-caudillo period
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Caudillo period came to an end around 1850s as elites
reemerged from seclusion § States became more unified – facilitated by rail and road infrastructure development – as foreign investment capital flowed into the region § During this period, politics was the territory of the rich – either directly or through dictators – Porfirio Diaz in Mexico § Key political issues were between two factions – liberals and conservatives § Conservatives – pro-Church, centralized government favoring big cities § Liberals – anti-clerical, federalist § In 19th century Colombia, there were 8 national civil wars, 14 regional civil wars, and many other local disputes between the two parties § Found ways to ensure elite rule was maintained – ballot- box stuffing, vote-buying, literacy laws – illiterate people could not vote in Peru until 1979 |
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Two Revolutions of the Mexican Revolution
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Middle-class professionals, intellectuals,
ranchers and merchants who wanted a modern, democratic, progressive state with a strong centralized national government § 1908 – Madero publishes The Presidential Succession in 1910 that called for free elections § Madero was imprisoned – Diaz re-elected himself § Peasants who wanted land reform and social justice based on local self-rule § Two fronts – North led by Pancho Villa, and the South led by Emiliano Zapata § Villa and Zapata’s peasant armies defeated the Federal Army in 1911 and Madero became president |
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Emiliano Zapata – his goals for the Revolution
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Two fronts – North led by Pancho Villa, and the
South led by Emiliano Zapata § Villa and Zapata’s peasant armies defeated the Federal Army in 1911 and Madero became president |
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Emiliano Zapata – his goals for the Revolution
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Huerta was defeated in 1914 – then the
revolution turned in on itself – goals of Villa and Zapata were at odds with Carranza and Obregon § Carranza was briefly pushed out of Mexico City by Villa and Zapata – but they did not seize power – they went back to the countryside § Zapata redistributed land according to each village and the villages ruled themselves according to their customs (1914-1915) § Local autonomy was at odds with the vision of a national Mexican state by Carranza and Obregon § Alvaro Obregon defeats Villa in 1915 § Carranza set up Zapata to be assassinated in 1919 – many of Zapata’s followers still don’t believe he died |
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Nation
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Nation: A group of people who share particular
historical-cultural characteristics or imagine themselves to do so |
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Nationalism
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Nationalism: Strong identification with the nation
to which a person feels they belong; encapsulates a set of beliefs and practices which people come to accept as ‘natural’ |
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imagined communities
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provide feeling of
belonging, solidarity and commonality among people who have never met and, in most cases, never will (Benedict Anderson 1991) |
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The Platt Amendmen
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The Platt Amendment was a rider appended to the Army Appropriations Act presented to the U.S. Senate by Connecticut Republican Senator Orville H. Platt (1827-1905) replacing the earlier Teller Amendment. The amendment stipulated the conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba since the Spanish-American War, and defined the terms of Cuban-U.S. relations until the 1934 Treaty of Relations. The Amendment ensured U.S. involvement in Cuban affairs, both foreign and domestic, and gave legal standing to U.S. claims to certain economic and military territories on the island including Guantanamo Bay Naval Base.
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Roosevelt Corollary
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The Roosevelt Corollary was a substantial amendment to the Monroe Doctrine by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904. Roosevelt's extension of the Monroe Doctrine asserted a right of the United States to intervene to "stabilize" the economic affairs of small states in the Caribbean and Central America if they were unable to pay their international debts. The alternative was intervention by European powers, especially Britain and Germany, which loaned money to the countries that did not repay. The catalyst of the new policy was Germany's aggressiveness in the Venezuela Affair of 1902-03. (Marks 1979)Roosevelt Corollary
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Gunboat Diplomacy
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In international politics, gunboat diplomacy refers to the pursuit of foreign policy objectives with the aid of conspicuous displays of military power — implying or constituting a direct threat of warfare, should terms not be agreeable to the superior force.
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The Good Neighbor Policy
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The Good Neighbor policy was the foreign policy of the new and improved administration of United States President Franklin Roosevelt toward the countries of Latin America. The United States wished to have good relations with its neighbors, especially at a time when conflicts were beginning to rise once again, and this policy was more or less intended to garner Latin American support. Giving up unpopular military intervention, the United States shifted to other methods to maintain its influence in Latin America: Pan-Americanism, support for strong local leaders, the training of national guards, economic and cultural penetration, Export-Import Bank loans, financial supervision, and political subversion. The Good Neighbor Policy meant that the United States would keep its eye on Latin America in a more peaceful tone.
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The domino theory
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The domino theory was a foreign policy theory during the 1950s to 1980s, promoted at times by the government of the United States, that speculated that if one land in a region came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would follow in a domino effect. The domino effect suggests that some change, small in itself, will cause a similar change nearby, which then will cause another similar change, and so on in linear sequence, by analogy to a falling row of dominoes standing on end. The domino theory was used by successive United States administrations during the Cold War to clarify the need for American intervention around the world.
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Foreign Internal Defense
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Foreign internal defense (FID) is used by a number of Western militaries, including the United States, France and the United Kingdom, to describe an approach to combating actual or threatened insurgency in a foreign state called the Host Nation (HN).
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The 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
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The 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état was a covert operation organized by the United States Central Intelligence Agency to overthrow Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán, the democratically-elected President of Guatemala. Arbenz's government put forth a number of new policies, such as seizing and expropriating unused, unfarmed land that private corporations set aside long ago and giving the land to peasants, that the U.S. intelligence community deemed communist in nature and, suspecting Soviet influence, fueled a fear of Guatemala becoming what Allen Dulles described as a "Soviet beachhead in the western hemisphere".[1] Dulles' concern reverberated within the CIA and the Eisenhower administration, in the context of the anti-communist fears of the McCarthyist era. Arbenz instigated sweeping land reform acts that antagonized the U.S.-based multinational United Fruit Company, which had large stakes in the old order of Guatemala and lobbied various levels of U.S. to take action against Arbenz.[2] Both Dulles and his brother were shareholders of United Fruit Company.
The operation, which lasted from late 1953 to 1954, planned to arm and train an ad-hoc "Liberation Army" of about 400 fighters under the command of a then-exiled Guatemalan army officer, Colonel Carlos Castillo Armas, and to use them in conjunction with a complex and largely experimental diplomatic, economic, and propaganda campaign. The operation effectively ended the experimental period of representative democracy in Guatemala known as the "Ten Years of Spring", which ended with Arbenz's official resignation.[3] |
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the monroe doc
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The Monroe Doctrine is a United States policy that was introduced on December 2, 1823, which stated that further efforts by European countries to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas would be viewed by the United States of America as acts of aggression requiring US intervention.[1] The Monroe Doctrine asserted that the Western Hemisphere was not to be further colonized by European countries, and that the United States would not interfere with existing European colonies nor in the internal concerns of European countries. The Doctrine was issued at the time when many Latin American countries were on the verge of becoming independent from Spain, and the United States, reflecting concerns echoed by Great Britain, hoped to avoid having any European power take Spain's colonies.[2] However, the immediate provocation was the Russian Ukase of 1821 asserting rights to the Northwest and forbidding non-Russian ships from approaching the coast.[
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pink tide
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Pink tide is a term being used in contemporary 21st century political analysis in the media and elsewhere to describe the perception that leftist ideology in general, and left-wing politics in particular, is increasingly influential in Latin America.[1][2][3]
In 2005, the BBC reported that out of 350 million people in South America, three out of four of them lived in countries ruled by "left-leaning presidents" elected during the proceeding six years.[2] According to the BBC, "another common element of the 'pink tide' is a clean break with what was known at the outset of the 1990s as the 'Washington consensus', the mixture of open markets and privatisation pushed by the United States".[2] |
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Focos
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The foco theory of revolution by way of guerrilla warfare, also known as focalism (Spanish: foquismo), was inspired by Marxist revolutionary Ernesto "Che" Guevara, based upon his experiences surrounding the rebel army's victory in the 1959 Cuban Revolution, and formalized as such by Régis Debray. Its central principle is that vanguardism by cadres of small, fast-moving paramilitary groups can provide a focus (in Spanish, foco) for popular discontent against a sitting regime, and thereby lead a general insurrection. Although the original approach was to mobilize and launch attacks from rural areas, many foco ideas were adapted into urban guerrilla warfare movements by the late 1960s.
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Democratization
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Democratization (British English: Democratisation) is the transition to a more democratic political regime. It may be the transition from an authoritarian regime to a full democracy or transition from a semi-authoritarian political system to a democratic political system. The outcome may be consolidated (as it was for example in the United Kingdom) or democratization may face frequent reversals (as it has faced for example in Argentina). Different patterns of democratization are often used to explain other political phenomena, such as whether a country goes to a war or whether its economy grows. Democratization itself is influenced by various factors, including economic development, history, and civil society.
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Umbrella organizations
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An umbrella organization is an association of (often related, industry-specific) institutions, who work together formally to coordinate activities or pool resources. In business, political, or other environments, one group, the umbrella organization, provides resources and often an identity to the smaller organizations.
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Neoliberalism
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Neoliberalism is a label for economic liberalism. The term was coined in 1938[1] but came into use in the 1960s. The term refers to a redefinition of classical liberalism, influenced by the neoclassical theories of economics. By leftists the term "neoliberalism" is used as a pejorative[2], though it is also used by politically neutral organisations [3], and very occasionally by supporters of neoliberal economics[4].
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Petrodollars – from where/to where; how it was spent
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§ Frenzied foreign borrowing that began with rising oil prices in
1973-74 § ‘Petrodollars’ – capital from OPEC countries flooded private banks and Latin America looked like a good place to invest – thought countries can’t go bankrupt § The region received US $60B in loans between 1975-82 – 60% went to Brazil & Mexico – with Argentina they became top three debtors § Much of it was not spent in productive ways § Capital flight and corruption - money siphoned out of region by government and business § Prestige ‘megaprojects’ – hydroelectric dams and roads § Military equipment – military governments (Brazil, Argentina) bought the latest equipment for their troops |
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Debt Crisis – how it happened; how it was dealt with; who benefited
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The Debt Crisis began in August 1982 when
Mexico reported that it would not be able to make its upcoming payment on its $80B debt § By October 1983, 27 countries had defaulted on $239B debt, 16 were Latin American countries – the four largest, Mexico, Brazil, Venezuela and Argentina, owed $176B (74%) § About $37B of that was owed to the eight largest US banks § Precipitated by the rise in interest rates in the US – loans had floating interest rates – and US recession that curbed demand for Latin American exports |
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§ Stabilization
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§ PHASE 1: Stabilization – make debt payments
§ Cut government spending § Cutting imports – increase exports § Devaluation of currency § Remove barriers to trade § During the 1980s, money flowed from poor to rich -- $218.6B |
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Structural Adjustment Programs & critiques
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PHASE 2: Structural adjustment – reforms, restructuring
policies § Cut state’s role in economy – free trade § Austerity programs – cut social spending – health care, education § Deregulation – of various aspects of the economy § Privatization of formerly state controlled industries –foreign investment § Falling investment and domestic recession (caused by austerity programs) provoked industrial collapse – regressed to the levels of 1966; 1950 for Chile & Uruguay |
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Privatization
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Selling formerly state-run industries to private
investors § Represents reinvestment in the region by foreign investors that began in the early 1990’s § Putting economy in the hands of the private sector § Debt for equity – exchanging debt for shares in newly privatized companies § Part of neoliberal ideology – shrinking state – private capital makes more efficient choices § Some corruption occurred during the privatization process – lack of transparency and accountability – Mexico’s billionaires rose from 2 to 24 under Salinas (all with close ties to PRI) |
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Structural Adjustment Programs & critiques--
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Debt burden not reduced (see chart pg. 35 of
Green) § Hurts women and children disproportionately – loss of jobs & austerity programs § Applies same solutions, regardless of context § Undermines ability of governments to make their own decisions – limits sovereignty § Undermines ability of people to lobby governments § Free movement of capital without free movement of labor |
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Market Niche Strategy
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§ Non-traditional agricultural exports (cut flowers,
shrimp farms, strawberries, snow peas vs. bananas, sugar) § Highly competitive – risks saturation of market as more producers enter it § Highly perishable products makes transportation expensive – risks are taken by the producer § Production of temperate crops is not in the local knowledge base – represents further risks § Buyers demand perfect “looking” produce § Pesticide treadmill – more inputs needed to produce these crops which has environmental costs § Requires large capital investment – large foreign firms dominate – low-wage labor is local contribution |
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Market Niche Strategy
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Market Niche Strategy is promoted in by international institutions (IMF, IADB, World Bank), and recommends that countries try exporting a non-traditional export like the NTAEs listed above, which simply substitutes one primary commodity (raw material) for another (instead of sugar, grow cut flowers). These are still subject to the same problems in the market as the traditional commodity exports
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