"late 19C Through 20C"-"russian Revolution"

Front 1

Eduard Bernstein

Back 1

(1850-1932)-Revisionist German Social Democrat who favored socialist revolution by the ballot rather than the bullet-i.e, by cooperating with the bourgeois members of Parliament and securing electoral victories for his party (the SDP).

Front 2

"Cat and Mouse Act"

Back 2

(1913)-Law that released suffragettes on hunger strikes from jail and then rearrested and jailed them again.

Front 3

Conservativc Party

Back 3

Formerly the Tory Party, headed by Disraeli in the nineteenth century.

Front 4

Charles Darwin

Back 4

(1809-1882)-British scientist whose Origin of Species (1859) proposed the theory of evolution based on his biological research.

Front 5

Benjamin Disraeli

Back 5

(1804-1881)-Leader of the British Tory Party who engineered the Reform Bill of 1867, which extended the franchise to the working class. Added the Suez Canal to English overseas holdings.

Front 6

Alfred Dreyfus

Back 6

(1859-1935)-French Jewish army captain unfairly convicted of espionage in a case that lasted from 1894 to 1906.

Front 7

Fabian Society

Back 7

Group of English socialists, including George Bernard Shaw, who advocated electoral victories rather than violent revolution to bring about social change.

Front 8

Sigmund Freud

Back 8

(1856-1939)-Viennese psychoanalyst whose theory of human personality based on sexual drives shocked Victorian sensibilities.

Front 9

William Gladstone

Back 9

1809-1898) English Prime Minister (Liberal) known as the "Grand Old Man." Instituted liberal reforms which were designed to remove long standing abuses without destroying existing institutions. He believed in Home Rule for Ireland. In 1870 he passed the Education Act of 1870 and the Order in Council which replaced patronage as a means of entering civil service with competitive examinations. In 1871 he removed the Anglician religion qualification for faculty positions at Oxford and Cambridge universities and introduced The Ballot act of 1872 which provided for a secret ballot.

Front 10

Jean Jaures

Back 10

(1859-1914)-French revisionist socialist who was assassinated for his pacifist ideals at the start of World War 1.

Front 11

Liberal Party

Back 11

Formerly the Whig Party, headed by Gladstone in the nineteenth century.

Front 12

Friedrich Nietzeche

Back 12

(1844-1900)-German philosopher and forerunner of the modern existentialist movement; he stressed the role of the Ubermensch or Superman, who would rise above the common herd of mediocrity.
(crazy)

Front 13

Caroline Norton

Back 13

(1808-1877)-British feminist whose legal persistence resulted in the Married Women s Property Act (1883), which gave married women the same property rights as unmarried women.

Front 14

Emmeline Pankhurst

Back 14

(1858-1928)-British suffragette and founder of the Women's Social and Political Union.

Front 15

Parliament Act of 1911

Back 15

Legislation that deprived the House of Lords of veto power in all money matters. (realistically curtails the power of the House of Lords).

Front 16

Paris Commune

Back 16

The revolutionary municipal council, led by radicals, that engaged in a civil war (March-May 1871) with the National Assembly of the newly established Third Republic, set up after the defeat of Napoleon III in the Franco- Prussian War.

Front 17

Rerum Novarum

Back 17

(1891-Papal encyclical of Leo XIII (1878-1903) that upheld the right of private property but criticized the inequities of capitalism. It recommended that Catholics form political parties and trade unions to redress the poverty and insecurity fostered under capitalism.

Front 18

Revisionists

Back 18

Marxists who believed that workers empowered to vote could obtain their ends through democratic means without revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat, known as revisionism.

Front 19

SPD

Back 19

The Social Democratic Party in Germany, based on Marx's Ideology.

Front 20

Syllabus of Errors

Back 20

(1864)-Doctrine of Pope Pius IX (1846-1878) that denounced belief in reason and science and attacked "progress, liberalism, and modern civilization."

Front 21

Syndicalism

Back 21

The French trade-unionist belief that workers would become the governmental power through a general strike that would paralyze society.

Front 22

Syndicats

Back 22

French trade unions

Front 23

Vatican Council of 1870

Back 23

Gathering of Catholic church leaders that proclaimed the doctrine of papal infallibility.

Front 24

Article 231

Back 24

Provision of the Versailles Treaty that blamed Germany for World War 1.

Front 25

Black Hand

Back 25

The Serbian secret society alleged to be responsible for assassinating Archduke Francis Ferdinand. (Princeps)

Front 26

Blank Check

Back 26

Reference to the full support provided by William II to Austria- Hungary in its conflict with Serbia. Al;so refers to the promise of support given by Russia to Serbia to develop of Slavic state.

Front 27

Dreadnought

Back 27

A battleship with increased speed and power over conventional warships, developed by both Germany and Great Britain to increase their naval arsenals. Carried 10 300mm guns mounted in 5 turrets.

Front 28

Dual Monarchy

Back 28

An 1867 compromise between the Germans of Austria-Bohemia and the Magyars of Germany to resolve the nationalities problem by creating the empire of Austria and the kingdom of Hungary, with a common ministry for finance, foreign affairs, and war.

Front 29

Encirclement

Back 29

Before both world wars, the policy of other European countries that, Germany claimed, prevented German expansion, denying it the right to acquire "living room" (Lebensraum)

Front 30

Entente Cordiale

Back 30

The 1904 "gentleman's agreement" between France and Britain establishing a close understanding.

Front 31

Fourteen Points

Back 31

Wilson's peace plans calling for freedom of the seas, arms reduction, and the right of self-determination for ethnic groups.

Front 32

Free Trade

Back 32

An economic theory or policy of the absence of restrictions or tariffs on goods imported into a country. There is no "protection" in the form of tariffs against foreign competition.

Front 33

Imperialism

Back 33

The acquisition and administration of colonial areas, usually in the interests of the administering country. (The Second Age of Exploration)

Front 34

Indemnities

Back 34

Financial demands placed on loser nations.

Front 35

League of Nations

Back 35

A proposal included in Wilson's Fourteen Points to establish an international organization to settle disputes and avoid future wars.

Front 36

Lusitania

Back 36

British merchant liner carrying ammunition and passengers that was sunk by a German U-boat in 1915. The loss of 139 American lives on board was a factor bringing the United States into World War I.

Front 37

Algecira

Back 37

The site of the 1906 conference in Spain at which German involvement in Morocco was rebuffed by Britain and France acting in unison.

Front 38

Agatir

Back 38

The site of the landing of the German gunboat in Morocco in 1911. William II tried to force the French to make concessions to Germany in Africa. Like the first crisis, this one drew Britain and France closer together.

Front 39

Pan-Slavism

Back 39

The movement to unite Slavs in the Balkans.

Front 40

Revanche

Back 40

The French desire for revenge against Germany for the loss of Alsace and Lorraine in the Franco-Prussian War (1870).

Front 41

Sarajavo

Back 41

The Balkan town in the Austro-Hungarian province of Bosnia where Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the throne.

Front 42

Sarajavo

Back 42

The Balkan town in the Austro-Hungarian province of Bosnia where Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the throne.

Front 43

Schlieffen Plan

Back 43

Top-secret German strategy to fight a two-front war against Russia and France. The idea was to invade neutral Belgium for a quick victory against France, and then direct German forces against a more slowly mobilizing Russia.

Front 44

Self-determination

Back 44

The ability of an ethnic group to decide how it wishes to be governed, as an independent nation or as part of another country.

Front 45

Social Darwinism

Back 45

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle

Front 46

Three Emperors' League

Back 46

The 1873 alliance between Germany, Austria, and Russia.

Front 47

Triple Alliance

Back 47

The 1882 alliance between Germany, Austria, and Italy

Front 48

Triple Entente

Back 48

After 1907, the alliance between England, France, and Russia.

Front 49

Weltpolitik

Back 49

("world politics")-The policy of making Germany a major global power through an expanding navy and the acquisition of colonies, the dream of William II.

Front 50

Woodrow Wilson

Back 50

(1856-1924)-President of the United States and key figure in the peace conferences following World War I; he intended to make the world "safe for democracy."

Front 51

Zimmermann telegram

Back 51

A secret German message to Mexico supporting the Mexican government in regaining Arizona and Texas if the Mexicans declared war on the United States, a factor propelling the United States into World War I in April 1917.

Front 52

Army Order Number 1

Back 52

An order issued to the Russian military when the provisional government was formed. It deprived officers of their authority and placed power in elected committees of common soldiers. This led to the collapse of army discipline.

Front 53

Bolshevik

Back 53

Left-wing, revolutionary Marxists headed by Lenin. (Majority men).

Front 54

Cheka

Back 54

The secret police under Lenin and his Communist Party.

Front 55

Constitutional Democrats

Back 55

Also known as the Cadets, the party of the liberal bourgeoisie in Russia.

Front 56

Council of People's Commissars

Back 56

The new government set up by Lenin following the Red Guard seizure of government buildings on November 6, 1917.

Front 57

V. I. Lenin

Back 57

(1870-1924)-The Bolshevik leader who made the Marxist revolution in November 1917 and modified orthodox Marxism in doing so.

Front 58

Menshevik

Back 58

Right-wing or moderate Marxists willing to cooperate with the bourgeoisie. (minority men)

Front 59

New Economic Policy

Back 59

-(NEP) Plan introduced by Lenin after the Russian civil war. Essentially it was a tactical retreat from war communism, allowing some private ownership among the peasants to stimulate agrarian production.

Front 60

"Peace, land, and bread"

Back 60

The promise Lenin made to his supporters on his arrival in April 1917 in Russia after his exile abroad. (In Germany)

Front 61

Petrograd Soviet

Back 61

The St. Petersburg, or Petrograd, council of workers, soldiers, and intellectuals who shared power with the provisional government.

Front 62

Provisional government

Back 62

The temporary government established after the abdication of Nicholas II (1881-1970), from March until Lenin s takeover In November 1917.

Front 63

Raputin

Back 63

An uneducated Siberian preacher (nicknamed Rasputin, the Degenerate ) who claimed to have mysterious healing powers. He could stop the bleeding of Czarina Alexandra's son-possibly through hypnosis-and was thus able to gain influence in the czar's court, much to the dismay of top ministers and aristocrats, who finally arranged for his murder. The czarina's relationship with Rasputin did much to discredit Czar Nicholas's rule.

Front 64

Red Guards

Back 64

The Bolshevik armed forces.

Front 65

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Back 65

(March 1918)-Pact by which Lenin pulled Russia out of the war with Germany and gave up one third of the Russian population in the western territories.

Front 66

Leon Trotsky

Back 66

(1879-1940}Lenin s ally who organized and led the Bolshevik military takeover of the provisional government headed by Kerensky, in November 1917.

Front 67

"Two Tactics for Social Democracy"

Back 67

The 1905 essay in which Lenin argued that the agrarian and industrial revolutions could be telescoped. It was unnecessary for Russia to become an industrialized nation before the Marxist revolution.

Front 68

War Communism

Back 68

The application of total war by the Bolsheviks to the civil war (1918-1920) at home-i.e, requisitioning grain, nationalizing banks and industries, and introducing rationing.

Front 69

"What Is to Be Done?"

Back 69

Essay written by Lenin in 1902 that outlined his plan for an elite revolutionary cadre to engineer the communist revolution in agrarian Russia.

Front 70

Clara Zeikin

Back 70

(1857-1933)-German Marxist who focused on women's issues in the Communist Party.