Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Anthropometry |
Measurement of the human body |
|
|
Somatometry |
Measurement of the living body |
|
|
Osteometry |
Measurement of the human skeleton |
|
|
Anthropometric Traits |
- Non-invasive measurements on the human body (weight, length, girths) - Taken on living subjects - Quantitative - Relfect genetic inheritance and enviroment |
|
|
Undernutrition |
Too few calories |
|
|
Malnutrition |
Imbalance in diet |
|
|
Overnutrition |
Too many calories |
|
|
Nutrients |
Substances required for reproduction, function and survival. Others are used to assemble various cellular structure |
|
|
Macronutrients |
Requires large amounts of nutrients, critical for providing energy and consisting of lots carbohydrates, fats and proteins. |
|
|
Mirconutrients |
Required in much smaller amounts and important for regulating biological needs |
|
|
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) |
Minimum amount of energy necessary to keep a person alive. Measurement at least 12 hours after a meal. Estimated from body weight and age/sex specific. |
|
|
Total Daily Energy Expenditure |
Energy need for BMR and other physical activities (work, leisure and exercise) TDEE = BMR X Physical activity level (PAL) Index |
|
|
Kilograms |
The unit that measures energy |
|
|
Protein Digestibility |
Proportion of dietary protein absorbed by the body |
|
|
Kwashiorka |
Protein Malnutrition |
|
|
Saturated Fatty Acids |
Meats/dairy products |
|
|
Trans Fatty Acids |
Hydrogenated unsaturated vegetable oils |
|
|
Industrialized world (os) |
Most fats come from SFA, trans and low levels of n-3 PUFAS |
|
|
N-3 |
Marine fish, canola oil, walnut oil, green leafy vegetables. |
|
|
N-6 |
Corn, sun flower seeds, soy beans and tree nuts |
|
|
Scurvey |
Slow wound healing, long term leads to wide spread hemorrhaging. Historically happens to sailors and is a micronutrient defecienies. |
|
|
Iron Defeicienies |
Component of hemoglobin, can cause anemia and most prevelnat nutritional problem worldwide untill 2000s |
|
|
Iodine Defecienices |
Component in thyroid hormones. Lower metabolic rate that leads to a risk of obesity. |
|
|
Goiter |
Swelling of thyroid |
|
|
Infectious Disease |
Caused by specific microorganisms, pathogens and infectious agents. Transmitted from one host to another. Many are acute but also many are chronic. |
|
|
Non-Infectious Disease |
From enviroment or genetic cause |
|
|
Bacteria |
Single cell prokaryotes, Diverse characteristics. TB and syphilis |
|
|
Viruses |
Composed of only DNA and RNA surrounded by protein. Obligate parasite, receptors, Measles and herpes |
|
|
Epidemiological Transition |
Shifts in disease pattern defined by three major transitions suggested by human history |
|
|
Paleolithic |
No infectious disease because the population was too small but some pathogens with long lateney and low virulence. No social difference in exposure. |
|
|
Zoonotic Disease |
Animal disease that can cause illness in humans |
|
|
First Transition |
Shift in disease patterns due to sedentism and larger density of population (Urbanization) which encourages transmission of diseases. Emergence of social and economic inequalities and the introduction of nutritional-related diseases. |
|
|
Argiculture and the Neolithic |
Started around 12,000 years ago. First started in Southeast Asia, different time periods at different locations --> newest in sub-saharan Africa |
|
|
Industrialization |
Exacerbated health problems and disparties. Pollution/comtamination. Increased crowding |
|
|
Second Transition |
Roughly the last 200 years in western countries. Discovery of pathogens, nutrition/sanitation improvement and estabilishment of public health.
Gradual decline in mortality from infectious disease and an increase in mortality related to chronic/degenerative diseases. Changing activity patterns.
After: Increased global health disparities, rise in STDS, allergies, asthma, etc. |
|
|
Third Transition |
By mid 20th century, infectious diseases thought to no longer be a threat. By the 80's, "return" of infectious disease as global threat. (AIDS/HIV) |
|
|
Adaptive immune system |
Only among vertebrates, pathogen recognition, immune system needs to recognize "Self" and "Non-self" |
|
|
Vaccinations |
Reconition of pathogens that attempt to protect you from infectious disease. Earliest form in China. |
|
|
Herd Immunity |
If sufficiently large portion of population has been vaccinated, opportunites for pathogens to spread are limited. WHO advices 95% for this. |
