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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the functions of the endocrine system?
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regulates other body systems and facilitates homeostasis in the body.
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what do hormones do?
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they are released directly into the bloodstream and travel to target organs and bind with receptors. they have a slower onset of action and a longer duration of action
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what is the master control gland of the endocrine system?
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pituitary gland
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all hormone secretion is regulated by..
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a negative feedback mechanism.
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disorders of the endocrine system can result from what?
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hypofunction and hyperfunction
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The pancreas is what kind of gland?
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exocrine and endocrine. its the only gland in the body that has both functions
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explain the exocrine part of the pancreas.
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it comprises approximately 95% of the body of the gland. it produces digestive enzymes that move into the small intestines via a duct.
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explain the endocrine part of the pancreas.
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comprises only about 5% of the body of the gland. THe islets of langerhans is composed of alpha cells that produce glycagon and beta that produce insulin. These substamces are released directly into the bloodstream.
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describe the function of insulin
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it facilitates the transport of glucose into cells where it can be used for energy.
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what is diabetes mellitus
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a genetically influenced metabolic disorder of carbohydrate,fat,and protein metabolism. It is characterized by abnormally high blood glucose levels resulting from inadequate or absent insulin production and/or impaired insulin action.
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describe type 1 diabetes.
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insulin dependent. beta cells can no longer produce insulin is decreased. usually occurs before the age of 20. its sudden and severe. thin, ill appreance
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what are some early symptoms of type 1 diabetes
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polyuria, polydypsia,polyphagia,weight loss, blurred vission,fatigue,
dehydration, sores that heal slowly. |
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what are later symptoms of type 1 diabetes?
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decreased level of consciousness, paresthesias, visual impairament, urinary/GI problems, microvascular changes, metabolic acidosis.
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what are drugs that treat type 1 diabetes?
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insulin
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describe type 2 diabetes
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ability of beta cells to produce. decreased sensitivity of insulin receptors in target tissues. non insulin dependent. over age of 35. more. usually obese
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what are easrly symptoms of type 2 diabetes?
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polyuria,polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, blurred vision, fatigue, dehydration, sores that heal slowly.
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what are later syptoms of type 2 diabetes.
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similar to type 2 diabetes, but more macrovascular than microvascular problems metabolic acidosis.
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what drugs are used to treat type 2 diabetes?
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oral antidiabetic agents and insulin if necessary
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what are the specific kinds of insulins?
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rapid-acting, short acting, intermediate acting, extended and long activity.
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what are oral hypoglycemic agents
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secretagogues. stimulate beta cells to produce insulin
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describe type 1 diabetes.
|
insulin dependent. beta cells can no longer produce insulin is decreased. usually occurs before the age of 20. its sudden and severe. thin, ill appreance
|
|
|
what are some early symptoms of type 1 diabetes
|
polyuria, polydypsia,polyphagia,weight loss, blurred vission,fatigue,
dehydration, sores that heal slowly. |
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what are later symptoms of type 1 diabetes?
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decreased level of consciousness, paresthesias, visual impairament, urinary/GI problems, microvascular changes, metabolic acidosis.
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what are drugs that treat type 1 diabetes?
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insulin
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describe type 2 diabetes
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ability of beta cells to produce. decreased sensitivity of insulin receptors in target tissues. non insulin dependent. over age of 35. more. usually obese
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what are easrly symptoms of type 2 diabetes?
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polyuria,polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, blurred vision, fatigue, dehydration, sores that heal slowly.
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what are later syptoms of type 2 diabetes.
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similar to type 2 diabetes, but more macrovascular than microvascular problems metabolic acidosis.
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what drugs are used to treat type 2 diabetes?
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oral antidiabetic agents and insulin if necessary
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what are the specific kinds of insulins?
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rapid-acting, short acting, intermediate acting, extended and long activity.
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what are oral hypoglycemic agents
|
secretagogues. stimulate beta cells to produce insulin
|
|
|
what are the functions of the endocrine system?
|
regulates other body systems and facilitates homeostasis in the body.
|
|
|
what do hormones do?
|
they are released directly into the bloodstream and travel to target organs and bind with receptors. they have a slower onset of action and a longer duration of action
|
|
|
what is the master control gland of the endocrine system?
|
pituitary gland
|
|
|
all hormone secretion is regulated by..
|
a negative feedback mechanism.
|
|
|
disorders of the endocrine system can result from what?
|
hypofunction and hyperfunction
|
|
|
The pancreas is what kind of gland?
|
exocrine and endocrine. its the only gland in the body that has both functions
|
|
|
explain the exocrine part of the pancreas.
|
it comprises approximately 95% of the body of the gland. it produces digestive enzymes that move into the small intestines via a duct.
|
|
|
explain the endocrine part of the pancreas.
|
comprises only about 5% of the body of the gland. THe islets of langerhans is composed of alpha cells that produce glycagon and beta that produce insulin. These substamces are released directly into the bloodstream.
|
|
|
describe the function of insulin
|
it facilitates the transport of glucose into cells where it can be used for energy.
|
|
|
what is diabetes mellitus
|
a genetically influenced metabolic disorder of carbohydrate,fat,and protein metabolism. It is characterized by abnormally high blood glucose levels resulting from inadequate or absent insulin production and/or impaired insulin action.
|
|
|
what are the functions of the endocrine system?
|
regulates other body systems and facilitates homeostasis in the body.
|
|
|
what do hormones do?
|
they are released directly into the bloodstream and travel to target organs and bind with receptors. they have a slower onset of action and a longer duration of action
|
|
|
what is the master control gland of the endocrine system?
|
pituitary gland
|
|
|
all hormone secretion is regulated by..
|
a negative feedback mechanism.
|
|
|
disorders of the endocrine system can result from what?
|
hypofunction and hyperfunction
|
|
|
The pancreas is what kind of gland?
|
exocrine and endocrine. its the only gland in the body that has both functions
|
|
|
explain the exocrine part of the pancreas.
|
it comprises approximately 95% of the body of the gland. it produces digestive enzymes that move into the small intestines via a duct.
|
|
|
explain the endocrine part of the pancreas.
|
comprises only about 5% of the body of the gland. THe islets of langerhans is composed of alpha cells that produce glycagon and beta that produce insulin. These substamces are released directly into the bloodstream.
|
|
|
describe the function of insulin
|
it facilitates the transport of glucose into cells where it can be used for energy.
|
|
|
what is diabetes mellitus
|
a genetically influenced metabolic disorder of carbohydrate,fat,and protein metabolism. It is characterized by abnormally high blood glucose levels resulting from inadequate or absent insulin production and/or impaired insulin action.
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what are biguanides?
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insulin resistance reduces. decreased liver glucose production and intestinal glucose absorption
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what are are insulin sensitizers?
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thiazolidinediones. activate insulin receptors allowing glucose to be utilized more efficiently.
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what are glucose absorption inhibitors?
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alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. interfere with dietary carbohydrate digestion in the small intestines so that glucose absorption is delayed.
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what is a major adverse effect of the oral hypoglycemic agent?
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hypoglycemia
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what are complications of diabetes mellitus?
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abnormally low levels of blood glucose called hypoglycemia, and abnormaly high levels of blood glucose called hyperglycemia. .
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the danger of hypoglycemia what?
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insulin shock
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the danger of hyperglycemia is what?
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diabetic coma.
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what are the causes of hypoglycemia?
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overdose of insulin, omission of meals, heavy excercise, errors in isulin injection technique, weight loss, diseases that can cause hypoglycemia and drugs that can alter insulin action.
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what are symptoms of hypoglycemia?
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weakness, diapheresis, shakiness, tremors, nervousness, headache, hunger, irritability, progressive confusion and coma.
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what is the treatment of hypoglcemia?
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administer glucose
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what are causes of hyperglycemia?
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infection, trauma, MI or other severe stress and non compliance with treatment regimen.
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what are symptoms of hyperglycemia?
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drowsiness, red,dry skin, fruity breath odor, unusual thirst, increased urination and rapid, deep breathing
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what is the treatment of hyperglycemia?
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administer insuline
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what is the hemoglobin A1C test?
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the best measure of glycemic control in diabetics and indicates the average plasma glucose level for the past 60 to 90 days
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what is somogyi phenomenon
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the morning rebound hyperglycemia which occurs in response to nocturnal hypoglycemia causes by administration of excessive insulin.
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what is lipodystrophy?
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a condition of atrophy and or hypertrophy of subcutaneous tissue and is caused by incorrect insulin administration; that is sites were not rotated systematically.
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how is insulin administerd?
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parenterally, bc gastric acid would destroy it if swallowed. it can be given subcutaneously (most common) or intravenously.
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how is insulin given?
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in increments of units, pts taking insulin should wear a medic alert bracelet.
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what if pt has to take insulin before meals?
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regular insulin is routinely administered by a sliding scale. blood glucose levels are checked and a certain amount of insulin is administered approximately 30 mins b4 meals according to physicians orders.
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describe H2 receptor antagonists
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they inhibit the action of histamine at the histamin (H2) sites and decrease gastric acid.
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H2 histamine receptor antagonists are used to treat what conditions?
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treatment of ulcers, prevention of stress ulcers, hyperacidity, GI bleeding, prevention of allergic responses, GERO (gastro esophageal reflux disorder)
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pts taking H2 histamine receptor antagonists should be taught what?
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limit caffiene intake, take b4 meals (ac) and at bedtime (hs)
do not take with antacids. |
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what is the protein pump inhibitors
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they block the enzyme that secretes the hydrogen ion (or proton) into the parietal cells of the stomach thereby blocking the production and secretion of hydrochloride acid. in other words, they block the H+K+ATPase enzyme system responsible for acid production (hydrogen-potassium pump)
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proton pump inhibitors are used to treat which conditions?
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severe erosive esophagitis not responsive to H2 histamine., short term treatment of active peptic ulcer disease, gastric hypersecretion disorders.
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when using proton pump inhibitors pt teaching should be?
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antacids can be taken with theses agents, report any changes in urinary elimination.
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what are gastric mucosa protectants?
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protects gastric acid mucosal lining from hyperacidity which can result in auto-digestion
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what are sucraifate (carafate)?
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reacts with gastric acid to form a viscous, adhesive, paste-like substance which forms a barrier at the ulcer site. It must be taken on an empty stomach for best results.
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what is mosoprostol (cytotec)?
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a synthetic prostaglandin, has both antisecretory and gastic mucosal protective properties for patients who do not respond to treatments with H2 histamine receptor antagonist, They must be taken with food for prevention of gastric ulcers produced by NSAID therapy.
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