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254 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Concrete
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Conventional proportion description=Cement: find aggregate: course aggregate. Generally a 1:2:3. Weight when wet: 150 pounds/square foot. Mix determined by desired compressive strength after 28 days.
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Concrete Aggregate
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Must be inert (no organic materials, clay, silt or salt) dimensionally stable (not susceptible to breaking down). Need a spectrum of sizes to fill all gaps. 2 classes of size. Fine aggregate: sand to 1/4", coarse aggregate: 1/4" to 2". Max size is < 1/5th the wall thickness or 1/3rd the slab thickness.
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Concrete Water
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Must be pretty pure, not acid or base. More water = Less Strength. Colder water = Slower Process. Generally 6-7 gallons of water/bag of cement. Calculations should include any water on aggregates.
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Concrete Admixtures
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Additives that can increase workability, resistance to freezing and weathering, chemicals and curing rate.
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Gas forming agents
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Concrete additive to increase workability and strengthen the bond of the concrete to the reinforcing
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Pozzolanic Admixture
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Concrete admixture used to reduce permeability if water and resist sulfates.
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Lime
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Concrete admixture to increase workability of mortar for re
masonry |
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Retarders
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Concrete admixture to slow hardening so it remains workable longer. Good for use with exposed aggregate paving and during hot weather when temperatures cause initial set too rapidly.
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Air-entraining Agent
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A concrete admixture that induce air into concrete, increases resistance to freezing and plasticity, reduce compression strength and weight. Best around 7%.
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Concrete Curing
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Chemical process (hydration) stops when all water evaporates away. Colder water = slower hydration. frozen water = no hydration Hydration builds the concrete's strength 40 to 50°F minimum temperature for curing.
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Reinforced Pavement
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Minimum concrete thickness of 4" to permit 2" minimum coverage of steel with concrete. Used for walls, foundations, structural slabs, colns. Factors = location or rebar: tensile areas. Bonding: Steel must be clean and all rust, dirt, oil removed. Proximity to surface: minimum of 1.2", 2" preferred. Exposed surfaces: reinforce faces where lots of temperature changes happen, faces of retaining walls.
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Reinforcing Bars
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For reinforcing concrete. Sizes are multiples of 1/8": ex. #4=1/2" because 4 x 1/8" = 1/2". Generally made of intermediate grade new billit steel.
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Fabric Reinforcement
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Concrete reinforcement. Welded wire mesh. That's for concrete slabs around columns. Generally for temperature reinforcement; must stand up to longitudinal forces and bending forces. Size expressed in spacing of wires and gauge of wire: 6 x 6 or 6" on center both ways and 6/6 or both wires gauge 6.
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Non-reinforced Pavement
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Minimum concrete thickness of 3" but 5" is preferred. Used for pavement, footings.
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Multiple course pavement
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Thicker first poor, shredded level and surface left rough. While it is still green (for a better bond), 2nd, thinner wearing course, generally a finer mix, is bored
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Jointing
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Concrete pavement have a tendency to crack through the line of lease to dimension. This tendency should be a determinant in locating joints. Consider aesthetics when placing joints. Two types: control joints and expansion joints.
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Tooled Joint
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Type of control joint carved into wet concrete, rounded bottom.
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Dowell Joints
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Type of control joint in concrete spanned by a dowel.
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Keyed Joints
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Type of Control joint in concrete where edges of slabs are shaped to fit together to prevent vertical movement.
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Thickened Joint
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In concrete where slabs angle down and thicken at joint to be better anchored in subgrade.
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Construction Joint
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Plan ahead so construction ends when they need an expansion joint anyway.
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Control (Contraction) Joint
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Maximum spacing for non-reinforced walks 10"-0" on center, recommended minimum depth 3/4" or 1/5 of the total concrete thickness.
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Concrete Gradient
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Concrete can be installed at flatter gradient than other pavements due to the high degree of accuracy with which formwork can be controlled. Minimum slopes of 1% are recommended for surface drainage, lower minimum slopes of 1/2% may be used with apparent surface warping is not desired.
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Concrete subgrade preparation
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All unsuitable material (i.e. any material containing vegetables organic matter; such as Peat Muck, organic silt, topsoil or sod) should be removed prior to installation of the pavement.
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Soil Pumping
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Lateral or vertical displacement of subgrade causing weakening of soil structure. Minimize disturbance of subgrade with equipment to minimize.
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Bleeder Stubs
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Concrete subgrade underdrain storm water manhole.
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Weeps
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Concrete subgrade extension of foundation course at regular intervals to allow movement through impervious soils to swale.
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Anti-adhering Agent
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Used in concrete forming to prevent sticking to forms.
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Strike-off (screed)
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Removing excess beyond concrete forms, bringing to grade.
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Bull Floating or Darbying
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Level ridges and fill voids left by straightedge during striking off.
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Concrete Edging
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Stone tool rounds and straightened edges to prevent chipping, compact edges.
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Concrete Floating
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Method of finishing concrete, removes imperfections left by previous operations, embeds large aggregate just below surface and compacts concrete and consolidates mortar at surface for further finishing. Introduce surface pattern, if this is the final finish.
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Trowling
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Method of finishing concrete. Creating smooth hard surface from steel magnesium or aluminum tool.
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Brooming
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Method of finishing concrete. Texture, non-slip surface, but can impede drainage.
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Dry Shake
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Concrete surface color after preliminary floating and edging.
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Seeding
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Exposed aggregate finish. After bull floating and/or darbying spread aggregate evenly and embed by tamping with wood float or darby. After hardening, wet and brush to expose agg.
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Concrete Embossing
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Stamping patterns into surface prior to hardening.
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Moist Curing
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Wet coverings or sprinklers to offset loss of surface moisture of new concrete while interior has a chance to dry out. Popular effective method. Don't let water pour down surface; weaken material.
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Sealing on Curing Concrete
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Plastic sheeting, waterproof paper, or compounds placed on curing concrete to even out water loss.
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Cold Weather Concrete Curing
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Heating the mix, insulating blankets, high early strength concrete mix. 40-50° minimum must be maintained through mixing, pouring, curing. Most strength develops during first 28 days.
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Slump Test
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Concrete test. Consistency in plasticity. 12" high open-ended truncated cone filled with mix, removed. Measure change in height.
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Compression Test
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Predicts strength of concrete pour. Compression strength of sample pour from the same batch as pour. Concrete poured into a cylindrical form.
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Untreated Soil Mix
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Flexible pavement. Surfaces resting on untreated soil mixes, like stone pebbles or crushed rock combined with fine material; generally placed on loose and compacted to 6" depth with a 3/8" to 1/2" cross slope.
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Sandy-clay Stabilized Surfaces
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Controlled mix of local soil and minerals, generally thicker, finished depth to 8", economical and suitable for traffic to 500 vehicles a day. Also excellent base for certain pavements.
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Soil stabilization surfaces
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Unsatisfactory subgrade soils can be altered by admixtures to create suitable subbase, bases and sometimes surface courses, there are several methods. 2 most common: Soil cement and lime stabilization.
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Asphalt Prime Coat
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Low viscosity liquid asphalt to an absorbent surface to prepare an untreated base for an asphalt surface, plugging voids, hardening top and binding it to overlying asphalt course.
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Asphalt Tack Coat
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Light application of liquid to existing asphalt or concrete surface. Asphalt and emulsion diluted with water is preferred type for ensuring a bond between the surface being treated and overlying course.
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Featherrock
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From lava, light-weight, inexpensive, easy to shape, chemically neutral, not used structurally, insulating, pervious to moisture.
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Granite
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Impervious to salts and chemicals, not vulnerable to freeze-thaw, dense and durable, lots of colors and finishes, expensive, so generally only used as been veneer, paver for texture color toughness, curbing material, set with mechanical fasteners when used as veneer, low maintenance, difficult to cut.
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Sandstone
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Sedimentary, variety of colors, weathers, veneer, paver, dry stonewall, variety of forms (cut, split, rubble), pervious to moisture.
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Limestone
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Sedimentary abrasion resistant, easily worked, variety of colors, finishes, grains, sometimes weathers, higher maintenance, pervious.
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Marble
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Impervious, low maintenance, used as veneer, decorative mulch (chips).
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Common Brick
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Can be hollow (between 25% and 40%).
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Type S Mortar
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High tensile bond strength, reasonably high compressive strength for reinforced masonry, or non-reinforced if max flexible strength is required and mortar is only bonding agent between facing and backing, like a ceramic veneer.
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Type M Mortar
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High compressive strength and greater durability the other mortar types, for reinforced masonry below grade and in contact with earth, as in foundations, retaining walls, walks, sewers and manholes.
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Type N Mortar
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Medium strength for general use in general masonry above grade.
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Efflorescence
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The white coating on bricks, caused by magnesium or calcium salt in mortar or brick in both. Damage face.
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Lumber
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Cellulose material with variable characteristics. Failures: warping, checking, splitting or twisting.
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Laminated Timbers
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Can build curves into the wood, can increase spans without making it thicker.
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Surface Treatment of Wood
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Dipping, spraying or manual application of chemicals after all cuts and holes have been made. Not great for wood totally exposed to the elements.
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Pressure Treated Wood
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Chemicals injected under pressure into the wood's cell walls. Which chemical depends on water exposed, subterranean or above grade. Some won't take a stain or paint e.g., petroleum carriers. Some may leach out of buried. Some discolor wood. Creosote.
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Plywood
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Pine and Douglasfir, generally. Redwood in Cedar for siding. Glue comes in interior and exterior grades. A given thickness may be made up of different numbers and layers. E.g.: 1/2" could be three, four or five plies which influence the strength with the greater number of plies the greater the strength.
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Grade A Plywood
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Smooth surfaces
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Featherrock
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From lava, light-weight, inexpensive, easy to shape, chemically neutral, not used structurally, insulating, pervious to moisture.
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Grade B Plywood
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Solid surface, up to 1" knots tight, slightly rough, but no skips.
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Grade C Plywood
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Splits 1/2" by 12 panel length, knots 1" open, tight knots to 1-1/2" and up to 1", pitch pockets (open)
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Grade D Plywood
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Many controlled combinations of splits, knots, plugs, patches and holes.
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Grade N Plywood
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Smooth surface, intended for natural finish.
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Grade AAX Plywood
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Would have 2 smooth sides with exterior glue.
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Conventional Wood Construction
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A structural framing system generally used for housing construction and not preferred for expose to nature. Two types: platform and balloon frame construction.
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Plank and Beam
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Structural construction method for flooring material supported by beams and uses fewer, larger timber space farther apart than conventional. Preferred for exterior use because large Timbers is more weather resistant and of a better scale. Less labor equals less cost, no cross bracing is required, less cumbersome looking, adaptable: I Commenitz drainage with sloping and weatherproofing or by spacing planks 1/4" apart.
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Post and Beam
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Would construction method. Overhead support system for shelter or shade. Loadbearing capacity: regional character, wwpa span computer can help. Rafter Stan: dependent upon joist spacing, elasticity, type, roof pitch and deflection, total load rafter size and spacing. Maximum overhead beam span: size, modules of elasticity, stiffness, strength, types of wood, live in dead lad, deflection and beam size and spacing. Post sizing. Load is transferred to post through beams, post sizes are determined by calculating load areas and sizing posts for the load.
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Footings
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Are used to keep untreated wooden posts out of the ground, prevent decay and post shrinkage by distributing the load to a larger area of soil. Footing should be below free thaw and should be in undisturbed soil. Special consideration for hurricane and earthquakes are required in California and Florida. General footing should be centered and have a width and depth two times the thickness of the foundation wall.
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Connections
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Post structural members. Various metal base anchors, plates, clip angles and bearing plates are available for securing post to slaves of concrete footing.
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Granite
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Impervious to salts and chemicals, not vulnerable to freeze-thaw, dense and durable, lots of colors and finishes, expensive, so generally only used as been veneer, paver for texture color toughness, curbing material, set with mechanical fasteners when used as veneer, low maintenance, difficult to cut.
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Sandstone
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Sedimentary, variety of colors, weathers, veneer, paver, dry stonewall, variety of forms (cut, split, rubble), pervious to moisture.
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Limestone
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Sedimentary abrasion resistant, easily worked, variety of colors, finishes, grains, sometimes weathers, higher maintenance, pervious.
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Marble
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Impervious, low maintenance, used as veneer, decorative mulch (chips).
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Common Brick
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Can be hollow (between 25% and 40%).
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Facing Brick
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Solid or hollow
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Paving Brick
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Solid. High compressive strength, variety of sizes and shapes, low permeability, wide range of tensile strength (also dependent on installation). Specification: spec type, great, quality, finish, sand mold, and size (example, facing brick grade MW, texture: extruded, 4" x 8" x 2"). For consistent color, require all brick from the same firing.
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Mortar
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Choose it based on type of strength needed. Same ingredients as concrete plus hydrated lime. Comes in types: N, S, D, and O.
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Asphalt Tack Coat
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Light application of liquid to existing asphalt or concrete surface. Asphalt and emulsion diluted with water is preferred type for ensuring a bond between the surface being treated and overlying course.
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Type N Mortar
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Medium strength for general use in general masonry above grade.
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Type S Mortar
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High tensile bond strength, reasonably high compressive strength for reinforced masonry, or non-reinforced if max flexible strength is required and mortar is only bonding agent between facing and backing, like a ceramic veneer.
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Type M Mortar
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High compressive strength and greater durability the other mortar types, for reinforced masonry below grade and in contact with earth, as in foundations, retaining walls, walks, sewers and manholes.
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Efflorescence
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The white coating on bricks, caused by magnesium or calcium salt in mortar or brick in both. Damage face.
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Lumber
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Cellulose material with variable characteristics. Failures: warping, checking, splitting or twisting.
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Laminated Timbers
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Can build curves into the wood, can increase spans without making it thicker.
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Surface Treatment of Wood
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Dipping, spraying or manual application of chemicals after all cuts and holes have been made. Not great for wood totally exposed to the elements.
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Pressure Treated Wood
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Chemicals injected under pressure into the wood's cell walls. Which chemical depends on water exposed, subterranean or above grade. Some won't take a stain or paint e.g., petroleum carriers. Some may leach out of buried. Some discolor wood. Creosote.
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Plywood
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Pine and Douglasfir, generally. Redwood in Cedar for siding. Glue comes in interior and exterior grades. A given thickness may be made up of different numbers and layers. E.g.: 1/2" could be three, four or five plies which influence the strength with the greater number of plies the greater the strength.
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Grade A Plywood
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Smooth surfaces
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Featherrock
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From lava, light-weight, inexpensive, easy to shape, chemically neutral, not used structurally, insulating, pervious to moisture.
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Grade B Plywood
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Solid surface, up to 1" knots tight, slightly rough, but no skips.
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Grade C Plywood
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Splits 1/2" by 12 panel length, knots 1" open, tight knots to 1-1/2" and up to 1", pitch pockets (open)
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Grade D Plywood
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Many controlled combinations of splits, knots, plugs, patches and holes.
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Grade N Plywood
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Smooth surface, intended for natural finish.
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Grade AAX Plywood
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Would have 2 smooth sides with exterior glue.
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Conventional Wood Construction
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A structural framing system generally used for housing construction and not preferred for expose to nature. Two types: platform and balloon frame construction.
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Plank and Beam
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Structural construction method for flooring material supported by beams and uses fewer, larger timber space farther apart than conventional. Preferred for exterior use because large Timbers is more weather resistant and of a better scale. Less labor equals less cost, no cross bracing is required, less cumbersome looking, adaptable: I Commenitz drainage with sloping and weatherproofing or by spacing planks 1/4" apart.
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Post and Beam
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Would construction method. Overhead support system for shelter or shade. Loadbearing capacity: regional character, wwpa span computer can help. Rafter Stan: dependent upon joist spacing, elasticity, type, roof pitch and deflection, total load rafter size and spacing. Maximum overhead beam span: size, modules of elasticity, stiffness, strength, types of wood, live in dead lad, deflection and beam size and spacing. Post sizing. Load is transferred to post through beams, post sizes are determined by calculating load areas and sizing posts for the load.
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Footings
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Are used to keep untreated wooden posts out of the ground, prevent decay and post shrinkage by distributing the load to a larger area of soil. Footing should be below free thaw and should be in undisturbed soil. Special consideration for hurricane and earthquakes are required in California and Florida. General footing should be centered and have a width and depth two times the thickness of the foundation wall.
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Connections
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Post structural members. Various metal base anchors, plates, clip angles and bearing plates are available for securing post to slaves of concrete footing.
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Granite
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Impervious to salts and chemicals, not vulnerable to freeze-thaw, dense and durable, lots of colors and finishes, expensive, so generally only used as been veneer, paver for texture color toughness, curbing material, set with mechanical fasteners when used as veneer, low maintenance, difficult to cut.
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Sandstone
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Sedimentary, variety of colors, weathers, veneer, paver, dry stonewall, variety of forms (cut, split, rubble), pervious to moisture.
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Limestone
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Sedimentary abrasion resistant, easily worked, variety of colors, finishes, grains, sometimes weathers, higher maintenance, pervious.
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Marble
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Impervious, low maintenance, used as veneer, decorative mulch (chips).
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Common Brick
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Can be hollow (between 25% and 40%).
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Facing Brick
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Solid or hollow
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Paving Brick
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Solid. High compressive strength, variety of sizes and shapes, low permeability, wide range of tensile strength (also dependent on installation). Specification: spec type, great, quality, finish, sand mold, and size (example, facing brick grade MW, texture: extruded, 4" x 8" x 2"). For consistent color, require all brick from the same firing.
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Mortar
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Choose it based on type of strength needed. Same ingredients as concrete plus hydrated lime. Comes in types: N, S, D, and O.
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Asphalt Tack Coat
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Light application of liquid to existing asphalt or concrete surface. Asphalt and emulsion diluted with water is preferred type for ensuring a bond between the surface being treated and overlying course.
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Type N Mortar
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Medium strength for general use in general masonry above grade.
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Type S Mortar
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High tensile bond strength, reasonably high compressive strength for reinforced masonry, or non-reinforced if max flexible strength is required and mortar is only bonding agent between facing and backing, like a ceramic veneer.
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Type M Mortar
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High compressive strength and greater durability the other mortar types, for reinforced masonry below grade and in contact with earth, as in foundations, retaining walls, walks, sewers and manholes.
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Efflorescence
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The white coating on bricks, caused by magnesium or calcium salt in mortar or brick in both. Damage face.
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Lumber
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Cellulose material with variable characteristics. Failures: warping, checking, splitting or twisting.
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Laminated Timbers
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Can build curves into the wood, can increase spans without making it thicker.
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Surface Treatment of Wood
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Dipping, spraying or manual application of chemicals after all cuts and holes have been made. Not great for wood totally exposed to the elements.
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Pressure Treated Wood
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Chemicals injected under pressure into the wood's cell walls. Which chemical depends on water exposed, subterranean or above grade. Some won't take a stain or paint e.g., petroleum carriers. Some may leach out of buried. Some discolor wood. Creosote.
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|
|
Plywood
|
Pine and Douglasfir, generally. Redwood in Cedar for siding. Glue comes in interior and exterior grades. A given thickness may be made up of different numbers and layers. E.g.: 1/2" could be three, four or five plies which influence the strength with the greater number of plies the greater the strength.
|
|
|
Grade A Plywood
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Smooth surfaces
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|
|
Featherrock
|
From lava, light-weight, inexpensive, easy to shape, chemically neutral, not used structurally, insulating, pervious to moisture.
|
|
|
Grade B Plywood
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Solid surface, up to 1" knots tight, slightly rough, but no skips.
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Grade C Plywood
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Splits 1/2" by 12 panel length, knots 1" open, tight knots to 1-1/2" and up to 1", pitch pockets (open)
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Grade D Plywood
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Many controlled combinations of splits, knots, plugs, patches and holes.
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Grade N Plywood
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Smooth surface, intended for natural finish.
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Grade AAX Plywood
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Would have 2 smooth sides with exterior glue.
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|
Conventional Wood Construction
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A structural framing system generally used for housing construction and not preferred for expose to nature. Two types: platform and balloon frame construction.
|
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|
Plank and Beam
|
Structural construction method for flooring material supported by beams and uses fewer, larger timber space farther apart than conventional. Preferred for exterior use because large Timbers is more weather resistant and of a better scale. Less labor equals less cost, no cross bracing is required, less cumbersome looking, adaptable: I Commenitz drainage with sloping and weatherproofing or by spacing planks 1/4" apart.
|
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|
Post and Beam
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Would construction method. Overhead support system for shelter or shade. Loadbearing capacity: regional character, wwpa span computer can help. Rafter Stan: dependent upon joist spacing, elasticity, type, roof pitch and deflection, total load rafter size and spacing. Maximum overhead beam span: size, modules of elasticity, stiffness, strength, types of wood, live in dead lad, deflection and beam size and spacing. Post sizing. Load is transferred to post through beams, post sizes are determined by calculating load areas and sizing posts for the load.
|
|
|
Footings
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Are used to keep untreated wooden posts out of the ground, prevent decay and post shrinkage by distributing the load to a larger area of soil. Footing should be below free thaw and should be in undisturbed soil. Special consideration for hurricane and earthquakes are required in California and Florida. General footing should be centered and have a width and depth two times the thickness of the foundation wall.
|
|
|
Connections
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Post structural members. Various metal base anchors, plates, clip angles and bearing plates are available for securing post to slaves of concrete footing.
|
|
|
Granite
|
Impervious to salts and chemicals, not vulnerable to freeze-thaw, dense and durable, lots of colors and finishes, expensive, so generally only used as been veneer, paver for texture color toughness, curbing material, set with mechanical fasteners when used as veneer, low maintenance, difficult to cut.
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Spacing
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Depends on loading (live and dead), beam spacing, and sizing, joist spacing and sizing and decking size and spacing. Span, spacing and connections are inseparable variables influenced by the above and species grade.
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Sandstone
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Sedimentary, variety of colors, weathers, veneer, paver, dry stonewall, variety of forms (cut, split, rubble), pervious to moisture.
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Limestone
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Sedimentary abrasion resistant, easily worked, variety of colors, finishes, grains, sometimes weathers, higher maintenance, pervious.
|
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Marble
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Impervious, low maintenance, used as veneer, decorative mulch (chips).
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Common Brick
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Can be hollow (between 25% and 40%).
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Facing Brick
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Solid or hollow
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Paving Brick
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Solid. High compressive strength, variety of sizes and shapes, low permeability, wide range of tensile strength (also dependent on installation). Specification: spec type, great, quality, finish, sand mold, and size (example, facing brick grade MW, texture: extruded, 4" x 8" x 2"). For consistent color, require all brick from the same firing.
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|
Mortar
|
Choose it based on type of strength needed. Same ingredients as concrete plus hydrated lime. Comes in types: N, S, D, and O.
|
|
|
Asphalt Tack Coat
|
Light application of liquid to existing asphalt or concrete surface. Asphalt and emulsion diluted with water is preferred type for ensuring a bond between the surface being treated and overlying course.
|
|
|
Type N Mortar
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Medium strength for general use in general masonry above grade.
|
|
|
Type S Mortar
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High tensile bond strength, reasonably high compressive strength for reinforced masonry, or non-reinforced if max flexible strength is required and mortar is only bonding agent between facing and backing, like a ceramic veneer.
|
|
|
Type M Mortar
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High compressive strength and greater durability the other mortar types, for reinforced masonry below grade and in contact with earth, as in foundations, retaining walls, walks, sewers and manholes.
|
|
|
Efflorescence
|
The white coating on bricks, caused by magnesium or calcium salt in mortar or brick in both. Damage face.
|
|
|
Lumber
|
Cellulose material with variable characteristics. Failures: warping, checking, splitting or twisting.
|
|
|
Laminated Timbers
|
Can build curves into the wood, can increase spans without making it thicker.
|
|
|
Surface Treatment of Wood
|
Dipping, spraying or manual application of chemicals after all cuts and holes have been made. Not great for wood totally exposed to the elements.
|
|
|
Pressure Treated Wood
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Chemicals injected under pressure into the wood's cell walls. Which chemical depends on water exposed, subterranean or above grade. Some won't take a stain or paint e.g., petroleum carriers. Some may leach out of buried. Some discolor wood. Creosote.
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Plywood
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Pine and Douglasfir, generally. Redwood in Cedar for siding. Glue comes in interior and exterior grades. A given thickness may be made up of different numbers and layers. E.g.: 1/2" could be three, four or five plies which influence the strength with the greater number of plies the greater the strength.
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Grade A Plywood
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Smooth surfaces
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Featherrock
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From lava, light-weight, inexpensive, easy to shape, chemically neutral, not used structurally, insulating, pervious to moisture.
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Grade B Plywood
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Solid surface, up to 1" knots tight, slightly rough, but no skips.
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Grade C Plywood
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Splits 1/2" by 12 panel length, knots 1" open, tight knots to 1-1/2" and up to 1", pitch pockets (open)
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Grade D Plywood
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Many controlled combinations of splits, knots, plugs, patches and holes.
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Grade N Plywood
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Smooth surface, intended for natural finish.
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Grade AAX Plywood
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Would have 2 smooth sides with exterior glue.
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Conventional Wood Construction
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A structural framing system generally used for housing construction and not preferred for expose to nature. Two types: platform and balloon frame construction.
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Plank and Beam
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Structural construction method for flooring material supported by beams and uses fewer, larger timber space farther apart than conventional. Preferred for exterior use because large Timbers is more weather resistant and of a better scale. Less labor equals less cost, no cross bracing is required, less cumbersome looking, adaptable: I Commenitz drainage with sloping and weatherproofing or by spacing planks 1/4" apart.
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Post and Beam
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Would construction method. Overhead support system for shelter or shade. Loadbearing capacity: regional character, wwpa span computer can help. Rafter Stan: dependent upon joist spacing, elasticity, type, roof pitch and deflection, total load rafter size and spacing. Maximum overhead beam span: size, modules of elasticity, stiffness, strength, types of wood, live in dead lad, deflection and beam size and spacing. Post sizing. Load is transferred to post through beams, post sizes are determined by calculating load areas and sizing posts for the load.
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Footings
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Are used to keep untreated wooden posts out of the ground, prevent decay and post shrinkage by distributing the load to a larger area of soil. Footing should be below free thaw and should be in undisturbed soil. Special consideration for hurricane and earthquakes are required in California and Florida. General footing should be centered and have a width and depth two times the thickness of the foundation wall.
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Connections
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Post structural members. Various metal base anchors, plates, clip angles and bearing plates are available for securing post to slaves of concrete footing.
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Granite
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Impervious to salts and chemicals, not vulnerable to freeze-thaw, dense and durable, lots of colors and finishes, expensive, so generally only used as been veneer, paver for texture color toughness, curbing material, set with mechanical fasteners when used as veneer, low maintenance, difficult to cut.
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Spacing
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Depends on loading (live and dead), beam spacing, and sizing, joist spacing and sizing and decking size and spacing. Span, spacing and connections are inseparable variables influenced by the above and species grade.
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Joists
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Function: Secondary beams provide rigidity and a fastening surface for above. Placement: on-edge atop a beam or hung between two beams. With thin members (2") the tendency to twist or fall flat increases with length requiring the use of blocking or bridging.
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Blocking
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Blocks are boards the same height as the joists they support, exactly the length of the space between the joists. They are inserted between the joists and aligned with each other. They help prevent twisting.
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Sandstone
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Sedimentary, variety of colors, weathers, veneer, paver, dry stonewall, variety of forms (cut, split, rubble), pervious to moisture.
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Limestone
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Sedimentary abrasion resistant, easily worked, variety of colors, finishes, grains, sometimes weathers, higher maintenance, pervious.
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Marble
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Impervious, low maintenance, used as veneer, decorative mulch (chips).
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Common Brick
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Can be hollow (between 25% and 40%).
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Facing Brick
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Solid or hollow
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Paving Brick
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Solid. High compressive strength, variety of sizes and shapes, low permeability, wide range of tensile strength (also dependent on installation). Specification: spec type, great, quality, finish, sand mold, and size (example, facing brick grade MW, texture: extruded, 4" x 8" x 2"). For consistent color, require all brick from the same firing.
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Mortar
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Choose it based on type of strength needed. Same ingredients as concrete plus hydrated lime. Comes in types: N, S, D, and O.
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Asphalt Tack Coat
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Light application of liquid to existing asphalt or concrete surface. Asphalt and emulsion diluted with water is preferred type for ensuring a bond between the surface being treated and overlying course.
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Type N Mortar
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Medium strength for general use in general masonry above grade.
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Type S Mortar
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High tensile bond strength, reasonably high compressive strength for reinforced masonry, or non-reinforced if max flexible strength is required and mortar is only bonding agent between facing and backing, like a ceramic veneer.
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Type M Mortar
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High compressive strength and greater durability the other mortar types, for reinforced masonry below grade and in contact with earth, as in foundations, retaining walls, walks, sewers and manholes.
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Efflorescence
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The white coating on bricks, caused by magnesium or calcium salt in mortar or brick in both. Damage face.
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Lumber
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Cellulose material with variable characteristics. Failures: warping, checking, splitting or twisting.
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Laminated Timbers
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Can build curves into the wood, can increase spans without making it thicker.
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Surface Treatment of Wood
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Dipping, spraying or manual application of chemicals after all cuts and holes have been made. Not great for wood totally exposed to the elements.
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Pressure Treated Wood
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Chemicals injected under pressure into the wood's cell walls. Which chemical depends on water exposed, subterranean or above grade. Some won't take a stain or paint e.g., petroleum carriers. Some may leach out of buried. Some discolor wood. Creosote.
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Plywood
|
Pine and Douglasfir, generally. Redwood in Cedar for siding. Glue comes in interior and exterior grades. A given thickness may be made up of different numbers and layers. E.g.: 1/2" could be three, four or five plies which influence the strength with the greater number of plies the greater the strength.
|
|
|
Grade A Plywood
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Smooth surfaces
|
|
|
Featherrock
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From lava, light-weight, inexpensive, easy to shape, chemically neutral, not used structurally, insulating, pervious to moisture.
|
|
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Grade B Plywood
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Solid surface, up to 1" knots tight, slightly rough, but no skips.
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Grade C Plywood
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Splits 1/2" by 12 panel length, knots 1" open, tight knots to 1-1/2" and up to 1", pitch pockets (open)
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Grade D Plywood
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Many controlled combinations of splits, knots, plugs, patches and holes.
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Grade N Plywood
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Smooth surface, intended for natural finish.
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Grade AAX Plywood
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Would have 2 smooth sides with exterior glue.
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Conventional Wood Construction
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A structural framing system generally used for housing construction and not preferred for expose to nature. Two types: platform and balloon frame construction.
|
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Plank and Beam
|
Structural construction method for flooring material supported by beams and uses fewer, larger timber space farther apart than conventional. Preferred for exterior use because large Timbers is more weather resistant and of a better scale. Less labor equals less cost, no cross bracing is required, less cumbersome looking, adaptable: I Commenitz drainage with sloping and weatherproofing or by spacing planks 1/4" apart.
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Post and Beam
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Would construction method. Overhead support system for shelter or shade. Loadbearing capacity: regional character, wwpa span computer can help. Rafter Stan: dependent upon joist spacing, elasticity, type, roof pitch and deflection, total load rafter size and spacing. Maximum overhead beam span: size, modules of elasticity, stiffness, strength, types of wood, live in dead lad, deflection and beam size and spacing. Post sizing. Load is transferred to post through beams, post sizes are determined by calculating load areas and sizing posts for the load.
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Footings
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Are used to keep untreated wooden posts out of the ground, prevent decay and post shrinkage by distributing the load to a larger area of soil. Footing should be below free thaw and should be in undisturbed soil. Special consideration for hurricane and earthquakes are required in California and Florida. General footing should be centered and have a width and depth two times the thickness of the foundation wall.
|
|
|
Connections
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Post structural members. Various metal base anchors, plates, clip angles and bearing plates are available for securing post to slaves of concrete footing.
|
|
|
Granite
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Impervious to salts and chemicals, not vulnerable to freeze-thaw, dense and durable, lots of colors and finishes, expensive, so generally only used as been veneer, paver for texture color toughness, curbing material, set with mechanical fasteners when used as veneer, low maintenance, difficult to cut.
|
|
|
Spacing
|
Depends on loading (live and dead), beam spacing, and sizing, joist spacing and sizing and decking size and spacing. Span, spacing and connections are inseparable variables influenced by the above and species grade.
|
|
|
Joists
|
Function: Secondary beams provide rigidity and a fastening surface for above. Placement: on-edge atop a beam or hung between two beams. With thin members (2") the tendency to twist or fall flat increases with length requiring the use of blocking or bridging.
|
|
|
Blocking
|
Blocks are boards the same height as the joists they support, exactly the length of the space between the joists. They are inserted between the joists and aligned with each other. They help prevent twisting.
|
|
|
Bridging
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Bridging takes smaller pieces of wood, two in each space
Between joists. One goes from the top of joist 1 to the bottom of joist two to the bottom of joist 1. Similar arrangements happen in a line between all the joists in a line. It also prevents twisting. |
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Bracing
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Bracing uses diagonal members to the depth of the connection between columns or posts. Length of diagonal must be increased as the height of post or load is increased. Back be designed as compressive members (rigid) or tension members (cables). Rigid sheathing can be substituted between posts for bracing. Acts on the principle of a truss.
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Sandstone
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Sedimentary, variety of colors, weathers, veneer, paver, dry stonewall, variety of forms (cut, split, rubble), pervious to moisture.
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Limestone
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Sedimentary abrasion resistant, easily worked, variety of colors, finishes, grains, sometimes weathers, higher maintenance, pervious.
|
|
|
Marble
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Impervious, low maintenance, used as veneer, decorative mulch (chips).
|
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Common Brick
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Can be hollow (between 25% and 40%).
|
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Facing Brick
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Solid or hollow
|
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Paving Brick
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Solid. High compressive strength, variety of sizes and shapes, low permeability, wide range of tensile strength (also dependent on installation). Specification: spec type, great, quality, finish, sand mold, and size (example, facing brick grade MW, texture: extruded, 4" x 8" x 2"). For consistent color, require all brick from the same firing.
|
|
|
Mortar
|
Choose it based on type of strength needed. Same ingredients as concrete plus hydrated lime. Comes in types: N, S, D, and O.
|
|
|
Asphalt Tack Coat
|
Light application of liquid to existing asphalt or concrete surface. Asphalt and emulsion diluted with water is preferred type for ensuring a bond between the surface being treated and overlying course.
|
|
|
Type N Mortar
|
Medium strength for general use in general masonry above grade.
|
|
|
Type S Mortar
|
High tensile bond strength, reasonably high compressive strength for reinforced masonry, or non-reinforced if max flexible strength is required and mortar is only bonding agent between facing and backing, like a ceramic veneer.
|
|
|
Type M Mortar
|
High compressive strength and greater durability the other mortar types, for reinforced masonry below grade and in contact with earth, as in foundations, retaining walls, walks, sewers and manholes.
|
|
|
Efflorescence
|
The white coating on bricks, caused by magnesium or calcium salt in mortar or brick in both. Damage face.
|
|
|
Lumber
|
Cellulose material with variable characteristics. Failures: warping, checking, splitting or twisting.
|
|
|
Laminated Timbers
|
Can build curves into the wood, can increase spans without making it thicker.
|
|
|
Surface Treatment of Wood
|
Dipping, spraying or manual application of chemicals after all cuts and holes have been made. Not great for wood totally exposed to the elements.
|
|
|
Pressure Treated Wood
|
Chemicals injected under pressure into the wood's cell walls. Which chemical depends on water exposed, subterranean or above grade. Some won't take a stain or paint e.g., petroleum carriers. Some may leach out of buried. Some discolor wood. Creosote.
|
|
|
Plywood
|
Pine and Douglasfir, generally. Redwood in Cedar for siding. Glue comes in interior and exterior grades. A given thickness may be made up of different numbers and layers. E.g.: 1/2" could be three, four or five plies which influence the strength with the greater number of plies the greater the strength.
|
|
|
Grade A Plywood
|
Smooth surfaces
|
|
|
Featherrock
|
From lava, light-weight, inexpensive, easy to shape, chemically neutral, not used structurally, insulating, pervious to moisture.
|
|
|
Grade B Plywood
|
Solid surface, up to 1" knots tight, slightly rough, but no skips.
|
|
|
Grade C Plywood
|
Splits 1/2" by 12 panel length, knots 1" open, tight knots to 1-1/2" and up to 1", pitch pockets (open)
|
|
|
Grade D Plywood
|
Many controlled combinations of splits, knots, plugs, patches and holes.
|
|
|
Grade N Plywood
|
Smooth surface, intended for natural finish.
|
|
|
Grade AAX Plywood
|
Would have 2 smooth sides with exterior glue.
|
|
|
Conventional Wood Construction
|
A structural framing system generally used for housing construction and not preferred for expose to nature. Two types: platform and balloon frame construction.
|
|
|
Plank and Beam
|
Structural construction method for flooring material supported by beams and uses fewer, larger timber space farther apart than conventional. Preferred for exterior use because large Timbers is more weather resistant and of a better scale. Less labor equals less cost, no cross bracing is required, less cumbersome looking, adaptable: I Commenitz drainage with sloping and weatherproofing or by spacing planks 1/4" apart.
|
|
|
Post and Beam
|
Would construction method. Overhead support system for shelter or shade. Loadbearing capacity: regional character, wwpa span computer can help. Rafter Stan: dependent upon joist spacing, elasticity, type, roof pitch and deflection, total load rafter size and spacing. Maximum overhead beam span: size, modules of elasticity, stiffness, strength, types of wood, live in dead lad, deflection and beam size and spacing. Post sizing. Load is transferred to post through beams, post sizes are determined by calculating load areas and sizing posts for the load.
|
|
|
Footings
|
Are used to keep untreated wooden posts out of the ground, prevent decay and post shrinkage by distributing the load to a larger area of soil. Footing should be below free thaw and should be in undisturbed soil. Special consideration for hurricane and earthquakes are required in California and Florida. General footing should be centered and have a width and depth two times the thickness of the foundation wall.
|
|
|
Connections
|
Post structural members. Various metal base anchors, plates, clip angles and bearing plates are available for securing post to slaves of concrete footing.
|
|
|
Granite
|
Impervious to salts and chemicals, not vulnerable to freeze-thaw, dense and durable, lots of colors and finishes, expensive, so generally only used as been veneer, paver for texture color toughness, curbing material, set with mechanical fasteners when used as veneer, low maintenance, difficult to cut.
|
|
|
Spacing
|
Depends on loading (live and dead), beam spacing, and sizing, joist spacing and sizing and decking size and spacing. Span, spacing and connections are inseparable variables influenced by the above and species grade.
|
|
|
Joists
|
Function: Secondary beams provide rigidity and a fastening surface for above. Placement: on-edge atop a beam or hung between two beams. With thin members (2") the tendency to twist or fall flat increases with length requiring the use of blocking or bridging.
|
|
|
Blocking
|
Blocks are boards the same height as the joists they support, exactly the length of the space between the joists. They are inserted between the joists and aligned with each other. They help prevent twisting.
|
|
|
Bridging
|
Bridging takes smaller pieces of wood, two in each space
Between joists. One goes from the top of joist 1 to the bottom of joist two to the bottom of joist 1. Similar arrangements happen in a line between all the joists in a line. It also prevents twisting. |
|
|
Bracing
|
Bracing uses diagonal members to the depth of the connection between columns or posts. Length of diagonal must be increased as the height of post or load is increased. Back be designed as compressive members (rigid) or tension members (cables). Rigid sheathing can be substituted between posts for bracing. Acts on the principle of a truss.
|
|
|
Steel
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Plates beams, tubing, bars, caries in strength, resistant to oxidation and cost dependent upon process. Ability to hold paint, east of welding, drilling vary.
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Stainless Steel
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Specialties, sheets and coils. More expensive and specialized. Resistant to oxidation and corrosion.
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Aluminum
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Sheet, cool, tubing, bars and special light, light poles, very expensive, less strength. Specialized welding and must be coated to protect from oxygen.
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Brass
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Bar shock, specialties, and copper: piping, wire, sheets, coils, specialties. Resistant to corrosion.
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Cast Iron
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Piping specialties. Drainage structures, frames, grates, covers, backwater valves, traps, hoods and steps. Long life and high strength.
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Sandstone
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Sedimentary, variety of colors, weathers, veneer, paver, dry stonewall, variety of forms (cut, split, rubble), pervious to moisture.
|
|
|
Limestone
|
Sedimentary abrasion resistant, easily worked, variety of colors, finishes, grains, sometimes weathers, higher maintenance, pervious.
|
|
|
Marble
|
Impervious, low maintenance, used as veneer, decorative mulch (chips).
|
|
|
Common Brick
|
Can be hollow (between 25% and 40%).
|
|
|
Facing Brick
|
Solid or hollow
|
|
|
Brass
|
Bar shock, specialties, and copper: piping, wire, sheets, coils, specialties. Resistant to corrosion.
|
|
|
Mortar
|
Choose it based on type of strength needed. Same ingredients as concrete plus hydrated lime. Comes in types: N, S, D, and O.
|
|
|
Galvanizing cadmium
|
Zinc coating for steel, applied by dipping in solution with an electric charge or cold applied. Varies in smoothness and finish. Long lasting if not damaged. Needs special treatment to hold paint. Chain link , guide railing, special nails as bolts, hangers, water pipes.
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Cadmium, Nickel, Chrome
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Metallic coating that may or may not be more expensive in certain locations in relation to galvanizing. Not as durable in wet or corrosive atmospheres. Cadmium is used on nuts and bolts and hardware items.
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Painting Metal
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Shortens lifespan, dependent upon quality of material, application and surface preparation, poor resistance to chipping, high maintenance. On steel a fish oil base paint is often used to provide rust resisting qualities. Electro-chemically applied sometimes equals more pertanent. Weathering steel (cortex) is good with base paint because if paint surface breaks, metal underneath is already oxidized.
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