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225 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ADA - Accessible Route |
1. Max. Running slope 1:20 (5%) 2. Max. Cross slope 1:48 (2%) 3. Clear width 36" min. (48" at turns) 4. Less than 60" clear width need passing space at 200' intervals, min. 60" sq. or 48" T |
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ADA - Doors |
1. Clear width 32" min. 2. Threshold of 1/2" max. (3/4" remodel) 3. Operable door/gate hardware 34"min.-48"max. above finish grade |
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ADA - Ramps |
1. Running slope 1:12 (8.33%) Max. 2. Cross slope 1:48 (2%) Max. 3. Ramp runs 30" Max. rise 4. Greater than 6" rise requires handrails both sides 5. 36" clear width min. inside of handrails 6. Use least amount of slope and pair ramp with stairs for people where distance is more challenging |
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ADA - Ramp Landings |
1. level landings (slope less than 1:48 (2%)) at top and bottom of each ramp run 2. straight run - 60" long by width of ramp min. 3. turn - 60" sq. min. |
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ADA - Grates |
1. Grate openings 1/2" max 2. Paver joints 1/2" max. |
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ADA - Stairs |
1. All stairs in a flight shall have uniform riser height and tread depth 2. Risers 4" min. to 7" max., no open risers 3. Tread depth 11" min., 1:48 (2%) slop max. 4. Nosing A. radius 1/2" max. B. 30 degree back slope from vertical C. 1 1/2" overhang riser max. |
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ADA - Ramp Edge Protection |
1. Provide on each side of ramp runs and landings 2. Extend 12" min. beyond inside of handrail 3. Prevent passage of 4" sphere within 4" above finish grade |
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ADA - Curb Ramps |
1. 1:20 (5%) slope max. and counter slope max. 2. 1:10 (10%) slope max. side flairs 3. Clear width as wide as ramp (not counting flares) and 36" deep 4. Contained within cross walk (not flares), on radius 24" on each side within crosswalk |
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ADA - Handrails |
1. Required both sides of ramp where 6" rise or greater 2. Must be continuous between ramp runs or stair flights 3. 34" min. to 38" max. above finish grade 4. 1 1/2" min. clearance between handrail and wall 5. Horizontal projections 1 1/2" below handrail 6. 1 1/4" min. to 2" max. diameter; 2 1/4" max. not circular dia. 7. Not required when less than two stair risers |
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ADA - Handrail Extensions |
1. Ramps - extend 12" min. beyond top and bottom of ramp run and return to wall, landing surface or be cont. 2. Stairs - extend 12" min. beyond top of stair from first nosing; at bottom of stairs extend handrail at same height 1 full tread depth min. beyond last stair nosing |
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ADA - Parking Stalls |
1. Car Stalls 96" (8') Wide Min. 2. Van Stalls 132" (11') Wide Min. *Exc. van stalls 8' wide when adj. 8' wide access aisle 3. Number of accessible parking stalls: - 1to100 stalls (1 ADA stall per 25 stalls) - 100 to 200 stalls (1 ADA stall per 50) - 200 to 500 stalls (1 ADA stall per 100) - 500 stalls + (2% of total stalls ADA) - 1/8 of ADA stalls to be van accessible. 1-400 stalls only 1 van accessible, over 400 triggers 2 van accessible stalls
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ADA - Parking Access Aisle |
1. 60" (5') wide min.; 96" (8') wide common van 2. 1:48 (2%) slope max. 3. Full length of parking stall 4. Must be striped/signed 5. May be shared 6. Connection from accessible parking stalls to accessible route to accessible building entrance 7. Van wheelchair lifts on passanger side |
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ADA - Passenger Loading Zone |
1. 96" (8') wide min. 2. 20' long min. 3. Access aisle 60" (5') clear required adj. to curb full length |
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Carrying Capacity of Site |
what can be supported indefinitely upon the available resources and services of that ecosystem without damage to resource |
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Tennis Court/Volleyball/Basketball Orientation |
Long Axis N/S |
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Football/ soccer orientation |
Long Axis N/S |
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Baseball Orientation |
Home plate to second base line E/NE |
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Complete Streets |
1. Considers all users in design of streets 2. Benefits: - Produces safer streets - Increases pedestrian and bicycle traffic - Lowers vehicle speeds |
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Heat Island Effect |
1. Increased temps 10-15 deg. urban vs. rural 2. Respiratory issues |
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Guardrails |
1. Locate near walking surfaces to minimize chance of accidental falls 2. Required when walking surface (sdwlk., parking lot, etc.) less than 3' away from a difference in elevation of greater than 2.5' 3. 42" min. height 4. Must not allow passage of 4" dia. sphere |
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Active Recreation Setback |
30' min. clear zone around active recreation (soccer, baseball, etc.) from ped/veh. circulation. - do not allow circulation within except for direct access |
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Water (lake, river, stream) Development Buffer |
50' setback min. |
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Wetland Development Setback |
100' |
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Floodplain Development |
- Do not locate structures or appurtenances - Possibly recreation areas (parks/trails) |
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Vehicular Circulation Property Line Setbacks |
- 15' min. setback from ROW - 10' min. from other property lines - parking lots, drive aisles (not driveways for access) |
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Building Property Line Setbacks |
- 25' min. from Street ROW - 15' min. from all other property lines |
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Buffer Zones between incompatible land uses |
- 25' min. on each side of property line to buffer residential from commercial/industrial uses - Don't locate the following (parking, structures, roads, active recreation) |
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Intersections |
- must be directly aligned - or - 150' min. from another street (curb to curb) |
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Driveways |
- must be directly aligned - or - 75' min. from another street or driveway |
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Superelevation |
- cross slope of road from outside to inside edge - used on higher speed roads to counteract centrifugal force and provide safe coefficient of friction between tires and road |
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Design Speed |
Maximum safe speed road has been designed to meet for safe operation of vehicle under favorable conditions |
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Strategies to Reduce Ped/Veh. Conflicts |
- Minimize pedestrian exposure -- buffer zone btwn. sidewalk and traffic -- min. time & distance in roadway - medians -- provide smallest turning radii req. - Eliminate long, straight, wide, level roads - Provide traffic calming devices |
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Traffic Calming Devices |
- used to reduce speed and increase driver awareness of road and peds - Changes in: -- materials - color, pattern, texture -- roadway widths - - roadway alignment -- grades |
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Traffic Calming Types |
- Woonerf - park like, shared space - Choker - intersectin bump out - Roundabout - Chicane - series of alt. curb ext. create S shaped - Closures of street |
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Stacking Spaces (off-street) |
- Min. 18' L x 11' W - Allow for passing stacked vehicles - 6 stacked spaces for 1 drive-up window add 2 per each additional window - 2 stacked spaces for unattended drop box |
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Cul-de-Sac |
- max. length 1,000-1,500' (800' LARE) - Advantages: -- less pavement per housing unit -- more open space/less impervious area -- privacy/security -- Absence of through traffic -- Sense of neighborhood - Disadvantages: -- access for larger veh. |
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Design Vehicle |
- vehicle used in determining design standards EX) - snow plow in cold climates EX) - large truck in industrial park EX) - school bus in residential - design for infrequent vehicles (fire) should be accomodated but stablized turf shoulder, etc. |
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Stopping Sight Distance |
- Calculation based on length of time from driver recognizing object in road and being able to come to complete stop at design speed of roadway - Drivers eye 3'-9" above road - Object 6" high - based on weight, grade and coefficient of friction |
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Minimum Design Speed Based Upon |
- Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT) - Average Daily Traffic (ADT) - Design Hourly Volume DHV |
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Sight Triangle |
- clear visibilty at intersections, do not place obstructions within clear sight window - 2.5'-8.5' above grade clear visibility - do not place trees, buildings, walls, etc. - 45 min. from curb (LARE Ref. Manual) - Drivers eye height 3'-6" above grade |
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Horizontal Alignment |
- Arc connecting two tangents used when road moves to transition movement; no compound curves - Centerline of roadway typically used |
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Point of Curvature (PC) |
- where curve starts in horiz. alignment |
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Point of Tangency (PT) |
- where curve ends in horiz. alignment |
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Arc Length (L) |
- length of curve between PC & PT in horiz. alignment |
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Point of Intersection (PI) |
- where both tangents intersect in horizontal align. |
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Vertical Alignment |
- Consists of straight lines connected by portions of parabolas |
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BVC |
Beginning of Vertical Curve |
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EVC |
End of Vertical Curve |
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PVI |
Point of Vertical Curve Intersection |
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Max. Vehicular Height/ Bridge Vertical Clearance |
- Most states 13'-6" |
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Vehicular Turning Radii |
- Car - 20' - Truck - 23' - Bus - 54' - Trash/Snow Removal - 32' - Firetruck - 48' - Semitrailer - 50' -- Use 20' radius res. intersection -- Use 30' commercial intersection -- Use 15' radius in parking lot |
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Vehicular Dimensions |
- Car - 16' L x 6' W - Truck - 18' L x 6'-6" W - Bus - 40' L x 9' W - Trash/Snow Removal - 28' L x 8' W - Firetruck - 32' L x 8' W - Semitrailer - 55' L x 8' W |
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90 Degree Parking |
- most efficient and economical in parking per sf - 9x18 common - 24' drive aisle two-way - 18' drive aisle one-way - disadv. that it requires most space for double bay of parking |
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60 Degree Parking |
- best for high turnover parking spaces - requires more pavement than 90 deg. |
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45 Degree Parking |
- one-way only. two-way inefficient b/c significantly less spaces than perp. with same cross section |
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30 Degree Parking |
- least efficient parking, most pavement per vehicle |
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Sustainable Parking Lot Design |
- Minimize impervious surface and maintain predevelopment rate of infiltration through: 1. Reduce parking lot size 2. Require smaller spaces 3. Provide spillover parking with pervious surface |
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Parking Lot Best Practices |
- Arrange rows perpendicular to bldg. to min. ped crossing drive aisles - Locate parking close to building entry (100' disabled) - Provide parking on both sides of aisle for max. efficiancy - Avoid dead end parking - Do not require backing into ROW |
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Parking Lot Ingress/Egress |
- Planting buffer 15' min. - 20' min. for stacking 1 car - 100' min. for commercial lot with over 200 stalls for 5 car stacking - Set back signage 50' for visibility |
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Vehicular Stacking at Left Turn Lane |
- 65' min (45' for truck/bus + 1 car) |
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Loading Docks |
- Floor typically 4'-2" - Semi - 55' L x 8' W x 13'-6" T |
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Road Classification Hierarchy |
1. Local Street (Dean Ave.) 2. Collector Street (Monona Dr.) 3. Arterial (Stoughton Rd.) 4. Freeway (US 12/18) |
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Bike Paths |
- bike path 10-12' wide; bike lane 5-6' wide - 2-3% grade perferred, 2% cross slope for drainage - 10% max grade desired, up to 15% for short distances, 5%+ requires standing to peddle, 8%+ requires most to dismount and walk - provide rest areas on paths 2-3 miles, 1 mile for walkers - signage 3' min. horizontal offset, 7' vertical clearance |
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Bicycle/Vehicular Conflict at Intersections |
- Failure to yield - bikes turning left across traffic - bikes travelling straight across intersection while vehicles turning right |
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Trees as Windbreak |
- overhanging path can reduce rainfall by 20-40% - Reduce windspeeds 50% for distance 20 times their height downwind |
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Retention Basin |
-always wet, overflow spillway at higher elev. -some treatment of sediments/pollutants - settling in forebay -some maintenance of forebay |
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Detention Basin |
-dry between stormevents, overflow at lower elevation -limited treatment only temp. relief rather than sending runoff to pipes carrying other runoff -situate upstream in watershed |
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Rain Gardens |
-excellent pollutant and sediment removal -6" ponding max. with 3 day drain down |
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Bioswales |
-best for first flush removals -92% of total suspended solids removed |
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Low Impact Design |
- water is considered a resource, not a problem - reduce the volume of runoff - decentralize the flow of runoff - minimize disturbed area, work with existing drainage patterns, maximize retention of native plant communities |
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Low Impact Design Strategies |
-Swales -Bioretention cells/rain gardens -Filter Strips - capture flow off large impervious areas -Detention Ponds -Cisterns -Green Roofs -Infiltration structures -Native plants |
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Benefits of Low Impact Design |
- Increased infiltration and recharg - Decreased pollutant loads - Increased biodiversity - Reduction in heat island effects from development - Improved air quality |
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Xeriscaping |
- use of plants native to area climate and soil conditions - plants ability to thrive naturally with minimal care and ammendments (water, fertilizer, pesticides) |
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Watershed Components |
- stream channel - floodplain - upland areas |
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Slope Erodability |
High - slopes over 16% Moderate - slopes 8% to 16% Low - slopes 0% to 8% |
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Permanent stabilizatin of site |
established vegetation or paving |
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Temporary stabilization of site |
need to monitor continuously until site established Types: - erosion control mat - stabilized construction entrance - silt fence - mulch and seed - sediment basin (5 ac+) - sediment trap (smaller site) |
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Floodplain |
- provides temporary natural storage for runoff - serves as recharge areas for acquifers - provides important natural habitats for animals and plants - part of every watershed found alongside streams, rivers and lakes |
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Wetlands |
-defined by hydric soils (anaerobic conditions in upper part) - hydrophytic vegetation |
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Benefits of Wetlands |
- Erosion control - Flood control - Groundwater supply recharge - Natural filter - Wildlife Habitat |
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Wetland Banking |
- Consolidates the creation of smaller wetlands - Transfers the responsibility of creating wetlands from developer to others - Provides incentives for others to restore wetlands |
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Latitude & Longitude |
- Latitude runs E/W; 0 deg at equator, 90 deg. at poles - Longitude runs N/S; 0 deg at prime meridian, 180 deg east and 180 deg west - Expressed Degrees, Minutes (60), Seconds (60) - Ex, US capital is 38 deg 53'23" N of equator and 77 deg 00'27" W of prime meridian |
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Bearing |
-horizontal angle measured N to E or N to W, S to E or S to W -Cannot be greater than 90 deg -Expressed Degrees, Minutes, Seconds -Notes direction -Ex, N 20 deg 15'30" E |
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Base Line |
N/S or E/W bearing to high spots not always true Lat/Long b/c of meshing township lines at natura boundaries |
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Bench Mark |
brass disk with lat/long & elev. above sea level |
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Northing/Easting |
-Geographic coordinate for a point -Easting = eastward measured distance from x -Northing - northward measured distance from y -township descriptions started from northings and eastings |
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Point of Beginning |
-traverse (northing/easting and length of lines to define boundary back to POB) -all critical survey elements relate back to -Ex survey marker/monument, center of roadway, cornder of building, corner of property lines |
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Township |
-36 sq. miles of land -numbering starts at 1 in NE corner and runs W to E in first row and E to W in second Row and alternates rows so 36 is in the SE corner -each number represents 1 sq. mile of land = section |
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Section |
- 1 sq. mile of land that is part of a township - 640 acres |
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Range |
-Vertical row of townships numbered east and west from baseline |
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1 mile |
5,280 linear feet |
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Cadastral Survey |
-public land survey system -ignores curvature of earth (plane survey) -use on small projects |
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Geodetic Survey |
-use on large planning projects -takes into account curvature |
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Boundary Survey |
-true property corners and lines located -used for building permits |
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Metes and Bounds Survey |
-describes shapes and boundaries of land |
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Azimuth |
-rotation angle to true north |
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Backsighting |
-used to check for accuracy during leveling once equipment setup |
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Orthographic Drawings |
-2D drawings in plan,elevation, section -drawn to scale |
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Paraline Drawings |
-all lines drawn parallel -Isometric (3D) all planes equal emphasis -Oblique favors 1 face, others distorted |
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Axonometric |
-set of 3 or more 3D views of object |
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Ideal Function Diagram |
-non-site related examines relationships between proposed functions and spaces |
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Site Related Function Diagram |
-application of ideal function diagram to known site conditions and true size/scale of elements |
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Most important source of local information |
zoning and ordinances |
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Zoning |
-guidance of how development must be done -setbacks, road width, lot sizes, parking config, buffers/screening, etc. -enforceable and can't be dismissed without formal hearing and variance |
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Regulations |
-local authority has ability to waive or modify -street design, lighting, landscaping |
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Historical Features |
-Most are regulated/protected materials and sites -sources: historical societies, govt. records, USGS maps |
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Site Selection - Slopes |
- roads should parallel contours - balance cut/fill - mimic natural site conditions/terrain/drainage - maintain ex. vegetation - slopes greater than 8% require excessive excavation and access challenges |
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Site Selection - Aspect |
- direction a sloped site faces affects temperatures - south facing slopes collect more heat and contribute to energy savings |
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Site Selection - Drainage |
- avoid seasonal creeks/gullies, floodplains,etc. - building on slope helps with artificial drainage (use HPS to collect and divert flows from upslope) - high water table means drainage problems |
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Site Selection - Subsurface Geology |
- need geotech. report to understand depth of bedrock, water table, soil character, bearing capacity and bulking factor |
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Site Selection - Microclimate |
- solar access - windows on south help heating in winter if deciduous used - shade - trees on SW and W provide shade in summer and reduce cooling costs - Wind - NW winter, SE summer breeze - Frost - moves downhill and stops at raises in grade, buildings, etc. allow for circulation |
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Suitability Analysis |
- determine appropriateness of land for specified use - most suitable analysis - individually assess site elements and overlay method |
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Slope Steepness Suitability |
- gradient of single color representing slope steepness - darker color = steeper - Ex) 0-1% too flat for drainage most uses - 1-5% ideal for most uses min. cut/fill - 8%+ more difficult should probably be avoided |
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Fundamental Use Diagram |
- Illustrates general project components while taking into consideration shapes, sizes and relationships |
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Project Program Includes |
--Goals - general statement of intent --Objectives - action oriented statement in support of goal acheivement --Elements to include --Requirements design must fulfill |
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Project Program |
-summary of site inventory/analysis and client interview -Functions as checklist to compare design proposal against -Include estimating to help determine financing and return on investment |
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Most Project Programs Address |
-Population to be accommodated at site -Package of activities or elements to be included -Type and level of performance expected from design -Essential patterns or arrangements to include |
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Relating Building to Site |
-Southern aspect with elongated E/W axis -Parallel contours to min. cut/fill -Provide swale on uphill side of building to capture uphill runoff and divert around -Steeper sites become more expensive to build b/c const. access and grading -locate first floor 6" above outside ground elev. |
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Max. slope before erosion |
2:1 |
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Valley/Swale on plan |
Contours point uphill toward higher numbered contour lines |
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Ridge on plan |
Contours point downhill toward lower numbered contour lines |
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Slope Suitability to development |
-<1% too flat - poor drainage, sports/rec/conservation ok -1-5% - ideal for most land uses min. grading, access challenges -5-10% - suitable for most uses -10-15% - more expensive but views/drainage ->15% - too steep |
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Concave Slope |
-contours spaced further away at bottom (toe) of slope and closer at top (crest) -Ex. ampitheater |
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Convex Slope |
contours spaced closer at bottom (toe) of slope and further away at top (crest) |
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Ridge Landform |
-end or terminal best panoramic views - building -locate circulation and buildings on top of ridge or parallel to min cut/fill |
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Most desirable slope aspect for development |
-Southeast --protection from winter wind --takes advantage of cooling offerred by summer breeze --exposure to winter sun --some protection from hot afternoon sun |
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Horizon Line |
Defines limits of space (enclosure) |
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Cone of Vision |
-60 degrees total -40 degress above eye level; 20 deg. below eye -sense of enclosure occurs when 45 degrees filled by landform |
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To direct view |
-view follow line of least resistance to open space -to frame on focal point, build up landform or use vegetation on sides to block distraction -place object on high point |
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To hide view |
-crest of slope can hide object/view at toe of slope (roads, haha fence) to allow continuous pastoral scenes -build up landform (berm) to screen |
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Military Crest |
-point near top of slope from which entire slope below can be seen -desirable building location b/c of views to foreground and distance and blends building into surroundings (protects from wind) |
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Frost Heave |
- water freezes in soil foundation to depth of frost line and can heave surface -can destroy surface construction -Need to control water movement under pavement subject to freezing |
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Frost Depth |
-depth to which water freezes in soil -impacts foundations and roadway bases |
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Angle of Repose |
-steepest angle when material on verge of sliding off -varies by soil type |
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Cohesion |
-ability of soils to stick together -clay soils are cohesive -sandy soils are not cohesive |
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Shear Resistance |
-resistance of soil to movement (by friction of soil particles) when pressure or impact applied -higher shear resistance requires more compactive force -clay has high shear resistance -sand has low shear resistance |
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Soil Strength |
-soils ability to resist deformation -function of friction and cohesion -sand dunes can stand angle of repose b/c friction |
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Hardpan |
-dense layer of soil impedes drainage and growth of plants -may affect foundations if bearing capacity not sufficient have to break through it |
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Load Bearing Capacity |
-max. load can carry without yielding or displacement -ex. 6 tons point load needs soil w/1 ton per sq. foot with 6 sq. foot footing |
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Bulk Density |
-weight per volume of any unit of soil -higher bulk density = greater support for foundations -lower bulk density = doesnt support foundation |
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Safe Bearing Capacity |
-max. intensity of loading a soil will cary without shear failure -soil must have capacity to support weight of material dead load + live load (static or dynamic) |
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Differential Settlement |
-structural failure due to unequal settlement -portion of building on firm stratum and other on compressible stratum |
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Soil Compaction |
-method of increasing density and load bearing capacity of soil by reducing pore space -Prevents settlement of soil and frost damage -Reduces water seepage, swelling and contraction |
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Shear Strength Test |
-measure of frictional resistance and cohesion of soil -turning vane in soil till failur |
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Sieve Analysis |
-measures grain size characteristics of soil -higher sieve number = smaller grain size -used mostly on clay or silty soil b/c expand and shrink due to moisture content |
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Proctor Test |
-measures % compaction density by testing moisture effects |
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Soil pH |
-0(acidic) to 14 (basic) -7 is neutral -optimum is 6-7.5 pH -to raise pH add lime -to lower pH add sulfur |
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Erodability of Soils |
-High erodability = silty soils b/c don't stick together when moist and transport easily by runoff -moderate erodability = loamy and clay soils b/c cohesion |
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Capillarity of Soil |
-enables soil to retain and move water -small pore size = higher capillary rise -clay has greater ability to hold and retain water b/c of micropore size |
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Clay |
-High porosity but low permeability -May settle when loaded with a foundation but has low compressibility and high strength |
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Permeability of Soils |
-rate of water move freely drain through soil -function of pore space High - Sand/gravel Moderate - Silt Low - Clay |
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Soil Gradation |
-Well graded - particles of wide range of sizes that will compact well -poorly graded - uniform particle sizes and will not compact well (sand) and will have better drainage |
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Hydric Soil |
-formed under saturated conditions -produces anaerobic conditions in upper crust |
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Soil Triangle - texture |
-% of each soil separate (sand, clay, silt) - Loam is roughly equal concentrations of each and ideal for plants (good nutrients, retains water but free draining) |
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Soil Horizon |
-distinct layer of soil - O horizon - organic matter - A horizon - topsoil/top layer -B Horizion - subsoil - C Horizon - parent material, little affect from weathering - R Horizon - Bedrock ---most soils 3-4 layers ---identified by physical characteristics (color and texture) |
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Littoral Drift |
transport of non-cohesive sediments by wave action |
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Hydrological soil groups (NRCS) |
-ranking of runoff potential
Group A (lowest runoff; sand) through Group D (highest runoff; clay) |
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Soil Orders |
-Oxisols - weathered soils of tropics -Aridsols - arid environments not for ag. but range -Utisols - leached soils, SE US -Mollisols - grassland soils/prairies, most productive -Alfisols - very productive 1/5 world pop. -Inceptisols - weakly developed horizons, mountains/forests |
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Podsolization |
soil development in humid, cold to temperate regions where vegetation produces acidic humus |
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Soil Survey Includes |
-Topography -Depth to bedrock -Hydrologic character of soil |
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Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) |
-describe texture and grain size of soil from larger to smaller: --Gravel --Sand --Silt --Clay --Organic |
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Atterberg Limits |
-variations caused by grain size -test used to ensure soil has correct amount of shear strength -Made up of measures: --Liquid Limit --Plastic Limit --Plasticity Index --Shrinkage Limit |
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Liquid Limit (LL) |
-moisture content at which soil will flow and not retain it's shape |
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Plastic Limit (PL) |
-moisture content at which soil deforms (crumbles when rolled) |
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Plasticity Index (PI) |
-Difference between PL and LL -PI over 15 = expansive soil --High plasticity = clay --Low plasticity = sand |
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Plasticity |
-ability of soil to be deformed under pressure without cracking and maintain deformed shape after pressure released -non-reversible due to applied force |
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Elasticity of Soil |
-ability of soil to return to original shape after being deformed by a load -can determine compatibility of soil |
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CPTED |
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design -key is community involvement/eyes on street -Design must: --make it hard for criminals to do work --encourage other activities --be accompanied by social and community |
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Denfensible Space Design |
-Territory - distinctions between space (elev. change/wall) -Access - control (fences/gates) -Surveillance - seeing and being seen (porches, windows) foster community engagement |
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Guardrails |
-elev. differance of 2.5' when closer than 3' to walk/path/drive -42" height min. -4" sphere |
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Active Recreation Setback |
-30' min. free of obstructions (trees, buildings, parking) around active uses such as basketball, soccer, baseball, etc.) -do not place primary circulation paths only direct access |
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Lighting Requirements of Site |
-Often governed in local ordinances -min. and avg. footcandle based on use at any point: --building entry 5.0 fc --parking lots 1.0 fc --sidewalks 0.9 fc commercial/ 0.2 fc residential |
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Moonlighting |
-light source placed high up in trees -good at entries/transition spaces |
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Social Seating |
-provide privacy & quiet for conversations -U or L shaped seating arrangements allow people to face each other and encourages social interaciton |
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Seating for Observation |
-arrange near but not directly in area of major activity...edges -place slightly higher so vantage over space |
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General Seating Considerations |
-Place to side of major activity or circulation rather than directly in it -Place seating against something (wall/vegetation) - shelter/prospect theory -Provide variety of seating locations (sun and shade) -Protect from winter winds -ideal: NW winds blocked, southern exposure, shade from western sun -back 15" above seat |
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General Signage Considerations |
-universal symbols more important than text -use light colors on dark background for highest visibility -Keys to signage are readability and effective reading distance |
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Design for Elderly |
-provide transition areas of light shade -sensitive to microclimate - provide shade, reduce glare, provide breeze -provide noise buffer where conversations -provide ability to rest - benches -high contrast dark/white -use bright colors - red, orange, yellow -vegetation 1' horiz. offset, 8' vert. clearance -avoid wide open and undefined spaces -- confusing use hierarchy and edges wayfinding -min. 54" sidewalk |
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Design for Playground |
-variety of equipment for different ages, abilities and activities -provide sun and shade areas -provide passive and active play areas -no direct access to street -maintenance/routine inspections |
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Min. space between playground equipment |
12' and no overlapping fall zones |
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Fall Zone |
buffer around each piece of equipment that is free of obstacles EX) slide has 6' fall zone on each side and ends |
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Play areas for small children |
-benches for parents -allow for strollers -limit access for security |
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Play areas for children 5-12 |
-large turf or surfaced areas-need more room to play |
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Critical Height |
-highest accessible portion of play equipment child can fall from -max. height which a life threatening injury would not be expected -head injury is largest concern, drives surfacing material selection |
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Playground surfacing |
-ASTM F 1292 Standard Spec for Impact attenuation of surface systems under and around playground equipment -ASTM F 1951 Surfacing Standard |
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Playground Surfacing Types |
1. Unitary Materials - rubber or foam mats or poured in place 2. Loose Fill Materials - sand, mulch 3. NOT ACCEPTABLE - asphalt, packed dirt, turf |
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Unitary Playground Surfacing |
Advantages: 1.Low maintenance 2.Low life cycle cost 3.Consistent performance - not moved, can't hide 4.accessible surface Disadvantages: 1.high initial cost |
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Loose Fill Playground Surfacing |
Advantages: 1. Easy to install 2. Low initial cost - readily available Disadvantages: 1. higher life cycle cost 2. Higher maintenance - replenishment/moves 3. Not accessible |
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Setback |
-distance a building can be located from property line or street right-of-way -often min. and max. setback found in local zoning or building codes - front/street, rear and side yard are common building setbacks - may include setbacks for fences, garages, etc. |
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Buffers |
-Area of land set aside to transition between different land uses or protect environmentally sensitive areas - Ex. greenway or greenbelt to buffer land uses and mitigate erosion, flooding, etc. - some zoning requires setback between different land uses; ex. residential and commercial |
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Stream Buffer |
1. Stream Zone - 25' min.; minimize encroachments such as footpaths or swales 2. Middle Zone - 50' min./100 year flood plain; contains seasonal wetlands and habitats 3. Out of Transition Zone - recreational/gardens/open space **typ. 100' total width min. or 100 year flood plain *importance to maintain predevelopment conditions of sheet flow, filtration, infiltration |
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Overlay Zoning |
-aims to protect environmental resources or safeguard natural hazards -adds boundary of resource/hazard to existing zoning to create additional restrictions -provides additional buffer/limits development for: historic/cultural resources, steep slopes, floodplains, wetlands, watershed, habitat corridors, riparian zones, etc. |
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Zoning for noise control |
- separates sensitive land uses (churches, schools, hospitals) from traffic and industrial areas - design noise levels not to be exceeded in certain land uses |
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Berms for Noise Controls |
-most effective location is closest to source of noise -visually isolate source of noise from receiver -make berm continuous -length of berm same length or 2 times as long as distance from source of noise -use plants of varying height and in multiple rows |
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Noise Walls |
-used where not enough room for berm and plantings -use coarse texture to absorb sound and reduce glare -step wall but remain constant to provide interest and non enclosing |
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Development Setbacks in Environmentally Sensitive Areas |
-50' setback from water body (lake, river, stream) -100' setback from wetlands |
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Property Line Setbacks |
1. Vehicular Circulation -15' setback from street right-of-way -10' setback from all other property lines 2. Buildings -25' setback from street right-of-way -15' setback from all other property lines |
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Buffer Zones Development |
-25' buffer zone on each side of property line between residential and commercial/industrial use -not permitted: structures, roads, parking, active rec. |
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Universal Parking Space Design |
-all accessible stalls 11' wide with a 5' access aisle |
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Low Impact Development |
-comprehensive land use planning with goal of maintaining pre-development hydrologic regime of watersheds |
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Smart Growth |
-compactt and mixed development of areas of existing infrastructure -foster distinct communities, sense of place -preserve open space, enivronmental areas -mix land uses -compact building design -walkable neighborhoods -range of housing -variety of transportation |
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Site Inventory Vs. Site Analysis |
Inventory - data, who/what Analysis - evaluation of data/existing condition EX--inventory - southwest slope with view EX--analysis - view toward valley should be enhanced, aspect needs shelter from summer sun |
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Urban Growth Boundary |
-used in conjunction with smart growth to promote development in areas with existing infrastructure and de-emphasize greenfield development |
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Preservation Plans |
-purchase of development rights, restrictive covenants and conservation easements -protects land without purchasing it and owner gets to keep -financial incentive to develop elsewhere where zoning encourages -easements added to title and remain even if land sold -agricultural districting/differential taxation - ag. land taxed as use value rather than development value - promotes/protects ag. use |
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Development Density/Intensity Control |
-Lot coverage -Open Space Ratio -Height, Landscape, VOlume Ratio -Building Volume Ration -Floor Area Ratio ex. .10 FAR in zoning means all floors of all buildings must be no more than 1/10 of parcel area |
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Trees in Fill |
-placing soil restricts air and water in root zone -used sands/gravles b/c larger pore space |
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Critical Root Zone (CRZ) |
-do not grade or allow equipment within CRZ -radius equal to dripline |
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Trees in Cut |
-much more difficult to save b/c root disturbance -Deep rooted trees ex. elms tolerate better b/c feeder roots deeper. Shallow (conifers) rooted harder to save |
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Trees as windbreaks or shade |
-most effective when located closer to structure -locate trees on western or southwestern side for shading at horizontal distance of 1/4 to 1/3 of trees mature height |
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Privacy Control Planting |
*purpose is isolation, blocks all views and does not permit movement 1. Dense planting over 6.5' tall provides greatest sense of privacy 2. chest high plants provides partial privacy but total privacy while sitting 3. waist high plants provide no privacy |
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Screening Planting |
*blocks only incompatible land uses or views no all views like privacy control allows movement around and through |
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Trees and Microclimate |
-place deciduous trees on W & SW sides of building to block hot afternoon summer sun but permit winter sun -place evergreen trees on N & W sides of building to block winter winds (greatest protection 5-6x vertical height) |
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Phytoremediation |
-takes time (years) use of plants to clean up site contamination through uptake in roots (phytoextraction) or decomposition of certain contaminants (phytodegradation) -removal of heavy metals -birch, willow, fescue, juniper, alfalfa |
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Bioremediation |
-use of microflora or fauna to decompose or stabilize the contamination |
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Hydrozone |
-practice of clustering plants with similar water requirements together in effort to conserve water used to irrigate and prevent over/underwatering through controlled zones |
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Toxic Plants |
-consider site users (children, elderly, pets, disabled) -There's alot of them! Yew, pointsetta, miseltoe, tulips, daffodils, Oaks, lilys, rhododendron, iris, wisteria |
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Landscape Slopes |
-place water demanding plants at bottom, drought tolerant plants at top -2:1 difficult to establish vegetation -3:1 mowing very difficult -4:1 mowing manageable (mowing around individual trees/beds should be avoided if possible) |
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Plant Problems - high temperatures |
elongate stems to cool leaves |
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Plant Problems - cholorosis |
leaves produce insufficient cholorphyl and yellow b/c of mineral defficiency (iron), poor drainage, compaction, and/or pollution injury |
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Plant Problems - fasciation |
abnormality in plant stem elongation or fusion caused by herbicide damage, insects or physical injry |
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Plant Problems - overwatering |
leaves wilted even though soil wet leaves light green roots discolored - root rot kills |
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Anthracnose |
fungal leaf and stem disease of shade trees characteristic brown spots doesn't kill but can completly defoliate tree Maple, Oaks and sycamores |
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Canker |
pathogens life threatening b/c affect water movement discoloration or wrinkeled spot on bark |
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Sunscald |
sw injury occurs in late winter/early spring by heating up tissue and freezing at night killing it |
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Evergreen Tip Blight/Needlecast |
-problematic in nurseries/windbreaks -fungus spreads by humidity in dense plantings -enhance air flow, remove infected material and use fungicides |
