Language Of Medicine: Chapter 5 Part 2/2

Front 1

Borborygmus

Back 1

Rumbling or gurgling noises produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract.

Front 2

Flatus

Back 2

Gas expelled through the anus.

Front 3

Nausea

Back 3

Unpleasant sensation in the stomach and a tendency to vomit.

Front 4

Herpetic Stomatitis

Back 4

Inflammation of the mouth by infection with the herpesvirus.


** Commonly called fever blisters or cold sores. **

Front 5

Anal Fistula

Back 5

Abnormal tube–like passageway near the anus.

Front 6

Diverticula


** Singular: Diverticulum **

Back 6

Abnormal side pockets (outpouchings) in the intestinal wall (diverticulosis)

Front 7

Constipation

Back 7

Difficult, delayed elimination of feces.

Front 8

Hematochezia

Back 8

Bright, fresh, red blood discharged from the rectum.

Front 9

Steatorrhea

Back 9

Fat in the feces.

Front 10

Oral Leukoplakia

Back 10

White plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth.

Front 11

Colonic Polyposis

Back 11

Polyps (small benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon.

Front 12

Dysentery

Back 12

Painful, inflamed intestines.

Front 13

Hernia

Back 13

Protrusion of an organ or part through the muscle normally containing it.

Front 14

Irritable Bowel Syndrome


** Also called Spastic Colon **

Back 14

A group of GI symptoms (diarrhea and constipation, lower abdominal pain, and bloating) associated with stress and tension.

Front 15

Gallstones


** Cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis **

Back 15

Crystallization of cholesterol and other materials to form stones in the gallbladder or bile ducts.

Front 16

Anorexia

Back 16

Lack of appetite.

Front 17

Diarrhea

Back 17

Frequent, loose, watery stools.

Front 18

Jaundice

Back 18

Yellow–orange coloration of the skin and other tissues due to high levels of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia).

Front 19

Aphthous Stomatitis

Back 19

Inflammation of the mouth with small ulcers.

Front 20

Periodontal Disease

Back 20

Inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone.

** Also called Pyorrhea **

Front 21

Colorectal Cancer

Back 21

Adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both.

Front 22

Esophageal Varices

Back 22

Swollen, tortuous veins in the distal portion of the esophagus or upper part of the stomach.

Front 23

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Back 23

Solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach.

Front 24

Ileus

Back 24

Failure of peristalsis.

Front 25

Ulcer

Back 25

Open sore or lesion (wound) of skin (epithelial) tissue.

Front 26

Cirrhosis

Back 26

Chronic disease of the liver with degeneration of liver cells.

Front 27

Pancreatitis

Back 27

Inflammation of the pancreas.

Front 28

Ascites

Back 28

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen.

Front 29

Dysphagia

Back 29

Difficulty in swallowing.

Front 30

Melena

Back 30

Black, tarry stools; feces containing blood.

Front 31

Dental Caries

Back 31

Tooth Decay

Front 32

Achalasia

Back 32

Failure of the Lower Esophagus Sphincter (LES) muscle to relax.

Front 33

Crohn Disease

Back 33

Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract (most often the terminal ileum and colon).

Front 34

Gastric Carcinoma

Back 34

Malignant tumor of the stomach.

Front 35

Hemorrhoids

Back 35

Swollen, tortuous veins in the rectal region.

Front 36

Intussusception

Back 36

Telescoping of the intestines.

Front 37

Ulcerative Colitis

Back 37

Chronic inflammation of the colon with the presence of ulcers.

Front 38

Volvulus

Back 38

Twisting of the intestine upon itself.

Front 39

Viral Hepatitis

Back 39

Inflammation of the liver caused by virus.

Front 40

Amino Acids

Back 40

Small substances that are the building blocks of proteins and are produced when proteins are digested.

Front 41

Bowel

Back 41

Intestine.

Front 42

Dentin

Back 42

Major tissue composing teeth, covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root.

Front 43

Fatty Acids

Back 43

Substances produced when fats are digested.

Front 44

Hydrochloric Acid

Back 44

Substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food.

Front 45

Pharynx

Back 45

Throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and air from the nose.

Front 46

Amylase

Back 46

Enzyme secreted by the pancreas to digest starch.

Front 47

Digestion

Back 47

Breakdown of complex foods to simpler foods.

Front 48

Feces

Back 48

Solid wastes; stools.

Front 49

Ileum

Back 49

Third part of the small intestine.

Front 50

Anus

Back 50

Opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body.

Front 51

Cecum

Back 51

First part of the large intestine.

Front 52

Duodenum

Back 52

First part of the small intestine. It measures 12 inches in length.

Front 53

Gallbladder

Back 53

Small sac under the liver; stores bile.

Front 54

Incisor

Back 54

One of four front teeth in the dental arch.

Front 55

Pancreas

Back 55

Organ under the stomach; produces insulin (for transport of sugar into cells) and enzymes (for digestion of foods).

Front 56

Portal Vein

Back 56

Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines.

Front 57

Salivary Glands

Back 57

Parotid, Sublingual, and Submandibular glands.

Front 58

Triglycerides

Back 58

Large fat molecules composed of three molecules of fatty acids with one molecule of glycerol.

Front 59

Appendix

Back 59

Blind pouch hanging from the first part of the colon (cecum).



** It is usually found in the RLQ **

Front 60

Colon

Back 60

Large intestine; cecum, ascending, transverse, and descending colon, and rectum.

Front 61

Emulsification

Back 61

Physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules, thus increasing the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat.

Front 62

Glucose

Back 62

Simple sugar.

Front 63

Insulin

Back 63

Horomone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. It transports sugar into cells from the blood and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver.

Front 64

Lower Esophageal Sphincter

Back 64

Ring of muscles between the esophagus and stomach.

** Also called the Cardiac Sphincter **

Front 65

Proteases

Back 65

Enzymes that digest protein.

Front 66

Rectum

Back 66

Last section of the colon.

Front 67

Sigmoid Colon

Back 67

Lower part of the colon; shaped like an "S".

Front 68

Uvula

Back 68

Soft tissue hanging from the soft palate into the mouth.

Front 69

Bile

Back 69

Digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It physically breaks up (emulsifies) large fat globules.

Front 70

Common Bile Duct

Back 70

Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum.

Front 71

Enamel

Back 71

Hard, outermost layer of a tooth.

Front 72

Jejunum

Back 72

Second part of the small intestine.

Front 73

Mastication

Back 73

Chewing.

Front 74

Parotid Gland

Back 74

Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear.

Front 75

Pulp

Back 75

Soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels.

Front 76

Rugae

Back 76

Ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach.

Front 77

Sphincter

Back 77

Ring of muscles within a tube.

Front 78

Glycogen

Back 78

Starch

Front 79

Enzyme

Back 79

A chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances.

Front 80

Absorption

Back 80

Passage of materials through the walls of the intestine into the bloodstream.

Front 81

Defecation

Back 81

Expulsion or passage of feces from the body through the anus.

Front 82

Deglutition

Back 82

Swallowing.

Front 83

Esophagus

Back 83

Tube connecting the throat to the stomach.

Front 84

Lipase

Back 84

Pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats.

Front 85

Pyloric Sphincter

Back 85

Ring of muscle at the distal region of the stomach, where it joins the duodenum.

Front 86

Saliva

Back 86

Digestive juice produced by salivary glands.

Front 87

Stomach

Back 87

Muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus. It is divided into the fundus, body and antrum (distal portion).

Front 88

Canine Teeth

Back 88

Pointed, dog–like teeth, next to (distal to) the incisors.


** Also called cuspids or eyeteeth. **

Front 89

Palate

Back 89

Roof of the mouth.

Front 90

Peristalsis

Back 90

Rhythm–like contractions of the tubes of the gastrointestinal tract and other tubular structures. It moves the contents throug the gastrointestinal tract at different rates; stomach (0.5 to 2 hours), small intestine (2–6 hours), and colon (6–72 hours).

Front 91

Bilirubin

Back 91

Pigment released by the liver in bile; produced from the destruction of hemoglobin, a blood protein.

Front 92

Villi


** Singular : Villus **

Back 92

Microscopic projections in the walls of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream.

Front 93

Liver

Back 93

A large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen. It secrets bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; and destroys worn–out red blood cells.

Front 94

Papillae


** Papilla (singular) **

Back 94

Small elevations on the tongue.It is any nipple–like elevation.

Front 95

Alimentary Canal

Back 95

The digestive tract (canal)