Language Of Medicine 9Th Ed. Chapter 2

Front 1

How are all cells similar to one another?

Back 1

They contain a gelatinous substance composed of water, sugar, protein, acids, fats, and various minerals.

Front 2

Cell Membrane

Back 2

surrounds and protects the cell and regulates what passes into and out of the cell

Front 3

Nucleus

Back 3

It controls the operations of the cell. It directs cell division and determines the structure and function of the cell.

Front 4

Anabolism

Back 4

Process of building up complx materials (proteins) from simple materials. It produces proteins such as hormones and enzymes that are important to growth of cells. It occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell.

Front 5

Catecholamines: Dopamine: Applications

Back 5

-Shock (Increased renal perfusion)
-Heart failure

Inotropic and chronotropic

Front 6

Chromosomes

Back 6

Rod shaped structures in the nucleus that contains regions of DNA called genes. There are 46 chromsomes (23 pairs) in every cell except for the egg and sperm cells which contain only 23 individual, unpaired chromosomes.

Front 7

Cytoplasm

Back 7

All the material that is outside of the nucleus and yet contained within the cell membrane.

Front 8

DNA

Back 8

Chemical found within each chromosome. Arranged like a sequence of recipes in code, it directs the activities of the cell.

Front 9

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 9

Structures (canals) within the cytoplasm. Site in which large proteins are made from smaller protein pieces. Anabolism takes place on the ribosomes of the endoplasmic reticulum.

Front 10

Genes

Back 10

Regions of DNA within each chromosome.

Front 11

Karyotype

Back 11

Picture of Chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell. The chromosomes are arranged in numerical order to determine their number and structure.

Front 12

Metabolism

Back 12

The total of the chemical processes in a cell. It includes catabolism and anabolism.

Front 13

Mitochrondria

Back 13

Structures in the cytoplasm in which foods are burned to realease energy. Catabolism takes place in this.

Front 14

Nucleus

Back 14

Control center of the cell. It contains chromosomes and directs the activities of the cell.

Front 15

Epithelial Tissue

Back 15

It is located all over the body. It forms the linings of internal organs, the outer surface of the skin covering the body, and also lines exocrine and endocrine glands.

Front 16

Muscle Tissue

Back 16

Voluntary, is found in arms and legs and parts of the body where movement is under conscious control. Involuntary, found in the heart and digestive system, as well as other organs, allows movement that is not under conscious control.

Front 17

What are examples of connective tissue?

Back 17

Adipose (fat) tissue
Cartilage ( elastic, fibrous tissue attached to bones)
Bone
Blood

Front 18

What does noerve tissue do?

Back 18

Conducts and pulses all over the body.

Front 19

Digestive System

Back 19

Mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, intestines (small and large), liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Front 20

Urinary and Excretory

Back 20

Kidneys, ureters, (tubes from the kidney to the urinary bladder), urinary bladder, urethra (tube from the bladder to the outside of the body)

Front 21

Respiratory System

Back 21

Nose, pharynx, larynx (voice box), trachea (wind pipe), bronchial tubes, lungs (where the exchange of gases takes place).

Front 22

Female Reproductive System

Back 22

Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus (womb), vaginia, mammary glands.

Front 23

Male Reproductive System

Back 23

Testes and assciated tubes. urethra, penis, and prostate gland.

Front 24

Endocrine System

Back 24

Thyroid gland(in the neck), pituitary gland (at the base of the brain),sex glands(ovaries and testes), adrenal glands, pancreas (islets of Langerhans), parathyroid glands

Front 25

Nervous System

Back 25

brain, spinal cord, nerves, and collections of nerves

Front 26

Circulatory System

Back 26

Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries), lymphatic vessels and nodes, spleen, thymus gland.

Front 27

Musculoskeletal System

Back 27

Muscles, bones, and joints.

Front 28

Skin and Sense Organs System

Back 28

Skin, hair, nails, sweat galnds, and sebaceous (oil); glands, eye, ear, nose, and tongue.

Front 29

Adipose Tissue

Back 29

Collection of fat cells.

Front 30

Cartilage

Back 30

Flexible connective tissue attached to bones at joints. For example, it surrounds the trachea and forms part of the external ear and nose.

Front 31

Epithelial Cells

Back 31

Skin cells that cover the external body service and line the internal surfaces or organs.

Front 32

Histologist

Back 32

Specialists in the study of tissues.

Front 33

Larynx

Back 33

"Voice box"; located at the upper part of the trachea.

Front 34

Pharynx

Back 34

Throat. This serves as the common passage way for food (from the mouth going to the esophagus) and air (from the nose to the trachea)

Front 35

Pituatary Gland

Back 35

Endocrine gland at the base of the brain.

Front 36

Thyroid Gland

Back 36

Endocrine gland that surrounds

Front 37

Trachea

Back 37

"Windpipe" (tube leading from the throat to the bronchial tubes)

Front 38

Ureter

Back 38

One of two tubes, each leading from a single kidney to the urinary bladder.

Front 39

Urethra

Back 39

Tube to the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.

Front 40

Uterus

Back 40

The womb. The organ that holds the embryo/fetus as it develops.

Front 41

Viscera

Back 41

Internal organs.

Front 42

Body Cavities

Back 42

They are spaces within the body that contains internal organs (viscera).

Front 43

Abdominal Cavity

Back 43

Space below the chest containing organs such as the liver, stomach, gallbladder, intetestines; also called the abdomen.

Front 44

Cranial Cavity

Back 44

Space in the head containing the brain and surrounded by the skull. Cranial means pertaining to the skull.

Front 45

Diaphragm

Back 45

Muscle separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities. This moves up and down and aids in breathing.

Front 46

Dorsal (posterior)

Back 46

Pertaining to the back.

Front 47

Mediastinum

Back 47

Centrally located space between the lungs.

Front 48

Pelvic Cavity

Back 48

Space below the abdomen containing portions of the intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs. Pelvic means pertaining to the pelvis, composed of the hip bones surrounding the pelvic cavity.

Front 49

Peritoneum

Back 49

Double-layered membrane surrounding the abdominal organs.

Front 50

Pleura

Back 50

Double-layered membrane surrounding each lung.

Front 51

Pleural Cavity

Back 51

Space between the pleural membranes.

Front 52

Spinal Cavity

Back 52

Space within the spinal column (backbones) and containing the spinal cord. Also called the spinal canal.

Front 53

Thoracic Cavity

Back 53

Space in the chest containing the heart, lungs, bronchial tubes, trachea, esophagus, and other organs.

Front 54

Venral (anterior)

Back 54

Pertaining to the front.

Front 55

Right Hypochondriac Region

Back 55

Right upper region below (hypo-) cartilige (chondr/o) of the ribs that extend over the abdomen.

Front 56

Left Hypocondriac Region

Back 56

Left upper region below the rib cartilage

Front 57

Epigastric Region

Back 57

Region above the stomach

Front 58

Right Lumbar Region

Back 58

Right middle region near the waist

Front 59

Left Lumbar Region

Back 59

Left middle region near the waist.

Front 60

Umbical Region

Back 60

Region of the naval or umbilicus.

Front 61

Right Inguinal Region

Back 61

Right lower region near the groin (inguin/o 5 groin), which is the area where the legs join the trunk of the body. This region is AKA the right iliac region.

Front 62

Left Inguinal Region

Back 62

Left lower region near the groin. AKA left iliac region.

Front 63

Hypogastric Region

Back 63

Middle lower region below the umbilical chord.

Front 64

Hypochondriac

Back 64

Right and left upper regions beneath the ribs.

Front 65

Epigastric

Back 65

Middle upper region above the stomach.

Front 66

Lumbar

Back 66

Right and left middle regions near the waist

Front 67

Umbilical

Back 67

Central region near the naval

Front 68

Inguinal

Back 68

Right and left lower regions near the groin. Also called iliac regions.

Front 69

Hypogastric

Back 69

Middle lower region below the umbilical region.

Front 70

RUQ

Back 70

right upper quadrant

Front 71

LUQ

Back 71

Left upper quadrant

Front 72

RLQ

Back 72

Right lower quadrant

Front 73

LLQ

Back 73

Left lower quadrant

Front 74

Cervical
(Divisions of the back)

Back 74

Neck region (C1 to C7)

Front 75

Thoracic
(Divisions of the back)

Back 75

Chest region (T1 to T12)

Front 76

Lumbar
(Division of the back)

Back 76

Loin (waist) region (L1 to L5).

Front 77

Sacral
(Division of the back)

Back 77

Region of the sacrum (S1 to S5).

Front 78

Coccygeal
(Division of the back)

Back 78

Region of the coccyx (tailbone).

Front 79

Vertebra

Back 79

Single backbone

Front 80

Vertebrae

Back 80

Backbones

Front 81

Spinal Column

Back 81

Bone tissue surrounding the spinal cavity.

Front 82

Spinal Cord

Back 82

Nervous tissue within the spinal cavity.

Front 83

Disk

Back 83

The pad of cartilage between vertebrae.

Front 84

What are the planes of the body?

Back 84

Sagittal, Transverse, and frontal

Front 85

Anterior (ventral)

Back 85

Front surface of the body.

Front 86

Deep

Back 86

Away from the surface.

Front 87

Distal

Back 87

Far from the part of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure.

Front 88

Frontal (coronal) Plane

Back 88

Vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions.

Front 89

Inferior (caudal)

Back 89

Below another structure; pertaining to the tail of lower portion of the body.

Front 90

lateral

Back 90

pertaining to the side

Front 91

Medial

Back 91

Pertaining to the middle or near the medial plane of the body.

Front 92

Posterior (dorsal)

Back 92

Back surface of the body.

Front 93

Prone

Back 93

Lying on the belly (face down, palms down).

Front 94

Proximal

Back 94

Near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning or a structure.

Front 95

Sagittal (lateral) plane

Back 95

Lengthwise, vertical plane dividing the body or structure into right and left sides. From the latin sagitta, meaning arrow. As an arrow is shot from a bow it enters the body in the sagittal plane, dividing left from right. The midsagittal plane divides the body into right and left halves.

Front 96

Superficial

Back 96

On the surface.

Front 97

Superior (cephalic)

Back 97

Above another structure; pertaining to the head.

Front 98

Supine

Back 98

Lying on the back (face up, palms up)

Front 99

Transverse (cross-sectional or axial) Plane

Back 99

Horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions.

Front 100

abdomin/o

Back 100

abdomen

Front 101

adip/o

Back 101

fat

Front 102

anter/o

Back 102

front

Front 103

bol/o

Back 103

to cast (throw)

Front 104

cervic/o

Back 104

neck (of the body or the uterus)

Front 105

chondr/o

Back 105

cartilage (type of connective tissue)

Front 106

chrom/o

Back 106

color

Front 107

coccyg/o

Back 107

coccyx (tail bone)

Front 108

crani/o

Back 108

skull

Front 109

cyt/o

Back 109

cell

Front 110

dist/o

Back 110

far, distant

Front 111

dors/o

Back 111

back portion of the body

Front 112

hist/o

Back 112

tissue

Front 113

ili/o

Back 113

ilium (part of the pelvic bone)

Front 114

inguin/o

Back 114

groin

Front 115

kary/o

Back 115

nucleus

Front 116

later/o

Back 116

side

Front 117

lumb/o

Back 117

lower back (side and back between the ribs and the pelvis)

Front 118

medi/o

Back 118

middle

Front 119

nucle/o

Back 119

nucleus

Front 120

pelv/i

Back 120

pelvis/hip region

Front 121

poster/o

Back 121

back, behind

Front 122

proxim/o

Back 122

nearest

Front 123

sacr/o

Back 123

sacrum

Front 124

sarc/o

Back 124

flesh

Front 125

spin/o

Back 125

spine, backbone

Front 126

thel/o

Back 126

nipple

Front 127

thorac/o

Back 127

chest

Front 128

trache/o

Back 128

trachea, windpipe

Front 129

umbilic/o

Back 129

navel, umbilicus

Front 130

ventr/o

Back 130

belly side of body

Front 131

vertebr/o

Back 131

vertebra(e), backbone(s)

Front 132

viscer/o

Back 132

internal organs

Front 133

ana-

Back 133

up

Front 134

cata-

Back 134

down

Front 135

epi-

Back 135

above

Front 136

hypo-

Back 136

below

Front 137

inter-

Back 137

between

Front 138

meta-

Back 138

change

Front 139

-eal
-iac
-ior

Back 139

pertaining to

Front 140

-ism

Back 140

process, condition

Front 141

-ose

Back 141

pertaining to, full of

Front 142

-plasm

Back 142

formation

Front 143

-somes

Back 143

bodies

Front 144

-type

Back 144

picture, classification