Language Key Terms

Front 1

what is acquisition

Back 1

learning enough about a language to understand what speakers mean

Front 2

learning enough about a language to understand what speakers mean?

Back 2

acquisition

Front 3

what is act?

Back 3

the idea that language is often a tool for doing

Front 4

the idea that language is often a tool for doing?

Back 4

act

Front 5

what is agency?

Back 5

a way to talk about the human capacity to act

Front 6

a way to talk about the human capacity to act?

Back 6

agency

Front 7

what is category?

Back 7

the idea that sensory input must be equatable with past sensory input if it is to have stimulus value

Front 8

what is the idea that sensory input must be equatable with past sensory input if it is to have stimulus value?

Back 8

category

Front 9

what is codes?

Back 9

general procedures that both senders and receivers have to signal the communication of intentions by means of multimodal resources

Front 10

general procedures that both senders and receivers have to signal the communication of intentions by means of multimodal resources?

Back 10

codes

Front 11

what is community?

Back 11

the focus on when and how speakers use their language system

Front 12

the focus on when and how speakers use their language system?

Back 12

community

Front 13

competence?

Back 13

the knowledge underlying a native speaker's production and interpretation of a potentially infinite number of syntactically well formed strings in a given language

Front 14

the knowledge underlying a native speaker's production and interpretation of a potentially infinite number of syntactically well formed strings in a given language?

Back 14

competence

Front 15

what is conflict?

Back 15

the interruption of the normal course of social exchanges, can lead to interactional breakdowns

Front 16

the interruption of the normal course of social exchanges, can lead to interactional breakdowns?

Back 16

conflict

Front 17

what is contact?

Back 17

cultural contacts between groups of people sharing, or not sharing, cultural assumptions about social life and understanding about language

Front 18

cultural contacts between groups of people sharing, or not sharing, cultural assumptions about social life and understanding about language?

Back 18

contact

Front 19

what is control?

Back 19

getting people to do things they would not choose to do were they completely free to decide, or not to do things they probably would do were they free to choose

Front 20

what is crossing?

Back 20

the use of language or variety that, in one way or another, feels anomalously "other"

Front 21

what is deaf?

Back 21

a term referring to the absence of the ability to hear and is also used as a noun to refer to individuals who do not hear

Front 22

a term referring to the absence of the ability to hear and is also used as a noun to refer to individuals who do not hear?

Back 22

deaf

Front 23

what is dreams?

Back 23

reflect uniquely personal experiences, also shared with communities

Front 24

reflect uniquely personal experiences, also shared with communities?

Back 24

dreams

Front 25

endangered?

Back 25

languages/linguistic varieties spoken by relatively few people

Front 26

what is expert?

Back 26

reference to the differential way sources of potential information are perceived and understood by novices and experts, the way in which they use language to authenticate their status

Front 27

reference to the differential way sources of potential information are perceived and understood by novices and experts, the way in which they use language to authenticate their status?

Back 27

expert

Front 28

expert?

Back 28

reference to the differential way sources of potential information are perceived and understood by novices and experts, the way in which they use language to authenticate their status?

Front 29

what is gesture?

Back 29

bodily movements that often accompany speech

Front 30

what are bodily movements that often accompany speech?

Back 30

gesture

Front 31

gesture?

Back 31

bodily movements that often accompany speech

Front 32

what is heteroglossia?

Back 32

simultaneous use of different kinds of speech or other signs, the tension between them, and their conflicting relationship within one text

Front 33

simultaneous use of different kinds of speech or other signs, the tension between them, and their conflicting relationship within one text?

Back 33

heteroglossia

Front 34

what is iconicity?

Back 34

a relationship between a sign and its object in which the form of the sign repeats the object in some way

Front 35

a relationship between a sign and its object in which the form of the sign repeats the object in some way?

Back 35

iconicity

Front 36

identity?

Back 36

the linguistic construction of membership in one or more social groups or categories

Front 37

the linguistic construction of membership in one or more social groups or categories?

Back 37

identity

Front 38

ideology?

Back 38

the situated, partial, and interested character of conceptions and uses of language

Front 39

the situated, partial, and interested character of conceptions and uses of language?

Back 39

ideology

Front 40

ideophones?

Back 40

words or phrases that do the work of representation by phonetic means

Front 41

words or phrases that do the work of representation by phonetic means?

Back 41

ideophones

Front 42

improvisation?

Back 42

an element of all performance genres that are not prescriptively notated, and is found in the performance genres of a wide range of cultures

Front 43

an element of all performance genres that are not prescriptively notated, and is found in the performance genres of a wide range of cultures

Back 43

improvisation

Front 44

indexicality?

Back 44

refers to the pervasive context-dependency of natural language utterances (including regional accent, indicators of verbal etiquette, use of pronouns, etc.)

Front 45

refers to the pervasive context-dependency of natural language utterances (including regional accent, indicators of verbal etiquette, use of pronouns, etc.)?

Back 45

indexicality

Front 46

when did humans start walking upright?

Back 46

from 6.2 million years ago

Front 47

when did humans spread across the globe and increase in body size?

Back 47

from 2 million years ago to 800,000 years go

Front 48

when did human brain size grow rapidly during climate change/human interaction with each other

Back 48

from 800,000 years ago to 200,000 years ago

Front 49

What is different about a chimp's brain?

Back 49

their temporal cortex has less white matter which means fewer connections between nerve cells

Front 50

how much does a chimp's brain weigh?

Back 50

.85 pounds

Front 51

how much does a human brain weigh?

Back 51

2.98 pounds

Front 52

When did humans start speaking?

Back 52

scientists aren't entirely sure, probably around 350,000 years ago

Front 53

What made language possible?

Back 53

the voice box dropped lower in the throat

Front 54

what does the first paradigm focus on?

Back 54

documentation of languages

Front 55

what does the second paradigm focus on?

Back 55

theoretical studies of language use

Front 56

what does the third paradigm focus on?

Back 56

questions related to other subfields of anthropology with the tools of linguistic inquiry

Front 57

What did Boas write?

Back 57

Introduction to the Handbook of American Indian Languages

Front 58

Who wrote about the three paradigms?

Back 58

Duranti

Front 59

what is the goal of the first paradigm?

Back 59

to document, describe, and classify indigenous languages

Front 60

how does the first paradigm view language?

Back 60

as vocabulary and grammar

Front 61

what does the first paradigm analyze?

Back 61

sentences, words, morphemes, texts

Front 62

what is the goal of the second paradigm?

Back 62

to study the language use across speakers and activities

Front 63

how does the second paradigm view language?

Back 63

as a culturally organized and culturally organizing domain

Front 64

what does the second paradigm analyze?

Back 64

speech community, communicative competence, repertoire, language variety, style, speech event, speech act, genre

Front 65

how does the second paradigm collect data?

Back 65

participant observation, informal interviews, audio recording of spontaneous language use

Front 66

What is the goal of the third paradigm?

Back 66

use linguistic practices to document and analyze the reproduction and transformation of people, institutions, and communities across space and time

Front 67

how does the third paradigm view language?

Back 67

as an interactional achievement filled with indexical values

Front 68

what does the third paradigm analyze language?

Back 68

language practice, participation framework, self/person/identity

Front 69

how does the third paradigm collect data?

Back 69

socio-historical analysis, audiovisual documentation of temporally unfolding human encounters