Language Development Ch 1

Front 1

language

Back 1

rule-governed, code-based tool shared by a community. Used to represent thoughts and ideas with those who know the code.

Front 2

morpheme

Back 2

the smallest unit of language that carry meaning

Front 3

to code

Back 3

the translation of one type of information into another type of information

Front 4

referent

Back 4

the aspect of the world to which the word refers

Front 5

modularity

Back 5

a cognitive science theory about how the human mind is organized within the brain structures. The human brain consists of a set of highly specific modules

Front 6

domain specific brain structures

Back 6

can process only specific types of information

Front 7

agrammaticism

Back 7

omit grammatical markers (use telegraphic speech)
results from damage to specific areas of the brain

Front 8

speech

Back 8

the neuromuscular process by which humans turn language into a sound signal

Front 9

hearing

Back 9

the sensory system that allows speech to enter in and be processed by the brain

Front 10

communication

Back 10

the process of sharing information among individuals

Front 11

respiration

Back 11

air is inspired and then expired from the lungs through the trachea

Front 12

phonation

Back 12

air is passed over the vocal chords

Front 13

resonation

Back 13

air is passed into the oral and nasal cavities

Front 14

articulation

Back 14

the air is manipulated by the oral articulators (jaw, lips, teeth, mouth)

Front 15

phoneme

Back 15

the smallest unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning

Front 16

audition

Back 16

hearing; the perception of sound

Front 17

acoustics: 4 components

Back 17

creation of a sound source
vibration of air particles
reception by the ear
comprehension by the brain

Front 18

speech perception vs. auditory perception

Back 18

how the brain processes speech and language
how the brain processes any auditory information

Front 19

auditory overshadowing

Back 19

the tendency for young children to show a preference for auditory rather than visual information

Front 20

coarticulation

Back 20

the overlapping of phonemes during human speech

Front 21

4 basic processes of communication

Back 21

formulation
transmission
reception
comprehension

Front 22

symbolic communication
referential communication

Back 22

communicates about a specific entity
relationship between entity and referent is arbitrary
(cookie)

Front 23

preintentional communication

Back 23

relationship between the entity and referent is assumed
(crying baby)

Front 24

intentional communication
iconic communication

Back 24

transparent relationship between entity and referent
(pointing to a cookie)

Front 25

linguistic feedback

Back 25

speaking feedback (I get it, OK, mm hmm)

Front 26

nonlinguistic feedback
extralinguistic feedback

Back 26

other than speaking feedback (nodding, eye contact, posture)

Front 27

7 purposes of communication

Back 27

instrumental
regulatory
interactional
personal
heuristic
imaginitive
informative

related to Use

Front 28

3 major domains of language

Back 28

content
form
use

Front 29

contextualized language

Back 29

concrete and supported by cues in the environment

Front 30

decontextualized language

Back 30

language with little reliance on the context

Front 31

CONTENT

Back 31

semantics

Front 32

FORM

Back 32

syntax
morphology
phonology

Front 33

USE

Back 33

pragmatics

Front 34

allophones

Back 34

the subtle variations of phonemes that occur as of contextual influences on how phonemes are produced in different words

Front 35

phonotactics

Back 35

the rules governing how sounds are organized in words

Front 36

5 remarkable features of language

Back 36

acquisition rate
universality
species specificity
semanticity
productivity

Front 37

language difference

Back 37

a general term used to describe the variability amongst language users

Front 38

dialects

Back 38

natural variations of a language that evolve within specific cultural or geographic boundaries

Front 39

code switching

Back 39

children raised bilingually
interchanging the syntax and vocabulary of the 2 languages

Front 40

simultaneous bilingualism vs. sequential bilingualism

Back 40

acquire language concurrently
one language first, then the next

Front 41

environmental effects on language acquisition

Back 41

quantity
quality
responsiveness

Front 42

specific language impairment

Back 42

heritable
7-10% of children
depressed language impairment with no intellectual impairment

Front 43

acquired brain injury

Back 43

occur after birth

Front 44

traumatic brain injury

Back 44

results from physical trauma (blunt trauma to the head)