Language Development 1

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Pidgin

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simplified, limited purpose language,
a language of commerce

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behaviorism

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founded by Watson and Skinner
holds that language is learned through imitation and need
uses behavior modification to explain how language develops through trial and error and selective reinforcement
denies specific language centers in brain

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nativism

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founded by Chomsky
holds that humans are biologically wired to acquire language (LAD)

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SADA

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simple, active, declarative, affirmative

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interactionist/sociolinguistic theory

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founded by Brown, Bloom and Bruner
median between behaviorism and nativism
holds that there is some biological predisposition to learn language, but more than exposure is required
language development requires a specific type of interaction with an adult model
LAD said to be "up in the air" between mother and child

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relational knowledge

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roles of objects in relation to action, rules specifying the relationship between form and content

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referential knowledge

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understanding of objects, events and relations, underlying word meaning

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perlocutionary period

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from birth to 6-7 months
infant communicates needs through cries and facial expression
communication is not done with intention or conscious thought

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age and meaning

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illocutionary period

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from 6-7 months to 11-12 months
child communicates through gestures and vocalizations that are meaningful and precede first true words

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locutionary period

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from 11-12 months onward
child uses words to communicate

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phonology

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study of the sound system of a language

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phonemes

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the speech sounds of a language
not meaningful alone
smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning

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phonetic vs. phonemic

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phonetic differences are non-functional (do not affect meaning)
phonemic differences are functional (affect meaning)

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complementary distribution

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where one allophone appears, the others do not (e.g. aspirated and unaspirated)

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free variation

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where allophones are used interchangeably (e.g. aspirated and unreleased)

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phonotactics

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study of syllable structure (V, CV, VC, etc.)

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phoneme development

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phonological system begins with a small set of distinctive features, and grows to a larger, finite set of features in a given language

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distinctive features

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acoustic or articulatory characteristics of a phoneme that distinguished it from others (e.g. manner, place and voicing)

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simplification processes

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deletion
assimilation
substitution

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morphology

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study of word formation

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morpheme

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smallest unit of meaning in any language

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free morphemes

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morphemes that can stand alone (e.g. compound words)

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bound morphemes

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morphemes that cannot stand alone (e.g. suffixes and prefixes)
can be inflected or derived

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inflected morpheme

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can only be suffixes
include plurality and possessive endings
does not change grammatical class of a word
all inflections are grammatical morphemes

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derived morpheme

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can be either a prefix or a suffix
change the grammatical class of a word
include adverb endings

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grammatical morphemes

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includes both inflected morphemes and some function words (a, an, the, in, on)

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allomorph

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inflected morpheme
is both a phoneme and a morpheme
formed by morpho-phonemic rules

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syntax

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rules for sentence structure

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semantics

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study of word and sentence meaning
a subset of cognition

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cognitive knowledge

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knowledge of the world

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nine bound inflectives

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1. -ing [at 28 months]
2. plural (-s, -es) [before 3 years]
3. possessive (-'s) [before 3.5 years]
4. past tense (-ed) [after 3.5 years]
5. 3rd person singular [after 3.5 years]
6. contraction of aux. in 3rd person [at 4 years]
7. contraction of copula in 3rd person
8. comparative (-er)
9. superlative (-est)

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semantic knowledge

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pairing of concepts with linguistic units
each word is characterized by semantic features and selection restrictions

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semantic features

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aspects of meaning that characterize words (e.g. "mother" includes female and parent)

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selection restrictions

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based on semantic features and prohibit contradictory word combinations (e.g. "bachelor's wife")

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pragmatics

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practical and social use of language

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mean length utterance

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number of words and inflected morphemes in a sentence
often consistent with age up until 5 years

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competence

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knowledge of the rules of a language
cannot be measured directly

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performance

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use of the rules of language, including production (expression) and comprehension (reception)
can be measured

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organization

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child's inborn tendency to combine and integrate schemata into coherent bodies of knowledge

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adaptation

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child's inborn tendency to adjust to the environment
two parts: assimilation and accommodation

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assimilation

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child interprets new information by incorporating it into existing schemata (no cognitive change needed)

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accommodation

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child modifies existing schemata in order to incorporate new information experiences (cognitive change occurs)

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precursors to linguistic content

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4-8 months: differentiated actions with objects (e.g. crumpling and tearing paper)

8-9 months: dropping/throwing things intentionally

9-12 months: means end skills: ability to solve problems mentally (prerequisite for cause and effect)

11-24 months: causality: understanding that one's behavior can affect and be affected by other people and objects in the environment

12-16 months: showing objects to others

18 months: symbolic play (e.g. using a shoe as a car)

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holophrases

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single word sentence
often children's first words

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criteria for true words

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must be used meaningfully and consistently
must bear a phonetic relationship to the adult word

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Brocca's area

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located in 3rd frontal convolution
responsible for syntax, morphology (inflections), and phonology

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Wernicke's area

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responsible for semantics

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content, form and use

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content: semantics
form: syntax and morphology
use: pragmatics

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myelin

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prevents leakage and improves speed

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multiple sclerosis

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causes gaps in myelinization
more common in women
develops in 20s

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naturalistic reinforcement

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naturally occurring contingincy

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allophone

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variation of pronunciation of a phoneme (finite)

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phone

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variation of pronunciation of an allophone (infinte)

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minimal pair

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pair of words that are identical except for one phoneme (e.g. "bear" and "pear")

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revariation

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one allophone can be replaced with another

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regressive assimilation

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/gagi/ instead of /dagi/

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progressive assimilation

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/dadi/ instead of /dagi/

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case grammar

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founded by Fillmore
theory of language that emphasizes the semantics roles of nouns and verbs in grammar over the syntax

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deep structure

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the underlying structure of a sentence generated by the phrase structure rules

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surface structure

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the actualized production of a sentence by a speaker