Language & Culture Quiz 3

Front 1

Writing

Back 1

Visual representation of speech; opened new era of human cultural development.

Secondary to other language delivery systems (speech & signing)

Front 2

Grapheme

Back 2

General term for a writing symbol - each has a particular sound value(s), may be one-to-many correspondence between sound and symbol.

Front 3

How old is writing?

Back 3

No more than 5,200 yrs old.

Front 4

Innate human ability

Back 4

Speech

Front 5

Learned human ability

Back 5

Writing

Front 6

Civilization

Back 6

A society in which large numbers of people live in cities, are socially stratified, and are governed by a ruling elite working through states.

Front 7

Original civilizations who used writing

Back 7

Egyptian, Mayan, Mesopotamian, Chineses, Indian

Front 8

Culture-bound Theory

Back 8

Ethnocentric theories

Front 9

Pragmatics

Back 9

Study of the effect of context on meeting (contextual meaning) within a speech community

Front 10

Speech communtity

Back 10

Unit of analysis

Front 11

Pragmatics Focus

Back 11

speaker meaning rather than referential meaningh

Front 12

Kinesics

Back 12

Study of body language

Front 13

Linguistic context

Back 13

The discourse that preceeds the phrase or sentence to interpreted

Front 14

Situational content

Back 14

Knowledge of the the world which in the conversation is set

Front 15

Pragmatics explores...

Back 15

The invisible meaning

Front 16

What determines the choice of what is said (or not)?

Back 16

Degree of shared experience

Front 17

Sociolinguistic

Back 17

More of a focus on variation - more a group level

Front 18

Deixis

Back 18

From Greek deiktikos meaning pointing or indication

Front 19

Types of deixis

Back 19

Person

Spatial

Temporal

Front 20

Modal pragmatics

Back 20

Language is "personal"

Front 21

Modal pragmatic markers (MPMs)

Back 21

Factuality: ritually highlighting sincerity, belief, truthfulness, frankness

Acknowledgement: routine acknowledgement of others' state of mind. Appeal to shared experience, expression of personal bonds

Counter-expectation: Much to my surprise

Easing: Aspects of speaking devoted to ensuring a basic comfort level

Front 22

Affective meaning

Back 22

Information conveyed about emotions of speaker

Front 23

Social meaning

Back 23

Information conveyed about social identity of speaker

Front 24

Code Switching

Back 24

Deliberately changing from one manner or style of speech, dialect, or language, to another

Front 25

Situational dialects or registers

Back 25

Styles of speech that are appropriate to the situation, level of formality, addressee

Front 26

Speech Events

Back 26

Social context for speech acts

Front 27

Genres

Back 27

Narrative

Joke

Promise

Riddle

Prayer

Greeting

Farewell

Eulogy

Front 28

The Force of Language

Back 28

The power of language to affect and create the social world of the speaker

Front 29

Perfomative Sentences

Back 29

Greeting

Request

Question

Invitation

Compliment

Refusal

Command

Agreement

Front 30

Locutionary acts

Back 30

The performance of an utterance: the actual utterance and its ostensible

Front 31

Illocutionary acts

Back 31

The intended meaning of an utterance as a socially valid verbal action

Front 32

Assertives

Back 32

Commits speaker to the truth of the expressed propostion

Front 33

Directives

Back 33

Cause the hearer to take action

Front 34

Perlocutionary acts

Back 34

Speech acts that produce an effect in an addressee by an utterance

Front 35

Perlocutionary Genres

Back 35

Propoganda

Political ideology

Hate speech

Front 36

Illocutionary silencing

Back 36

Failure of "uptake"; speaker not heard

Front 37

Maxim of Quantity

Back 37

Say neither more nor less than is required

Front 38

Maxim of Relevance

Back 38

Say what is appropriate for the topic; this can evolve over the course of a conversation.

Front 39

Maxim of Manner

Back 39

Brief concise, clear; avoiding ambiguity

Front 40

Maxim of Quality

Back 40

Say only what you believe to be the truth

Front 41

Sociolinguistics

Back 41

Focuses on the relationship between linguistic behavior and social norms - how they cary at a group level.

Front 42

Genderlect

Back 42

Variation based on gender

Front 43

Language ideology

Back 43

Beliefs held by people in a community regarding their conceptualization of the nature and function of language.

Front 44

Sex roles

Back 44

Culturally variable

Front 45

Gender vs Sex

Back 45

sex = biology

gender = culture

Front 46

Ascribed

Back 46

Something given to you at birth by members of culture or society

Front 47

Achieved

Back 47

Status you give yourself

Front 48

Grammatical vs Biological Gender

Back 48

Ex: Masculine, feminine, neutral pronouns & nouns

Dyirbal has 4-12 gender classes

Front 49

Full downglide

Back 49

From highest to lowest pitch less likely among men

Front 50

Women's speech

Back 50

More intonationally dynamic

Front 51

Vocal fry

Back 51

Lowest vocal register

Used by young female American English speakers to give their voice more credibility - educated, urban, upwardly-mobile

Front 52

Word choice / lexical difference

Back 52

women specific word choice may be more "marked" than forms used by males - normative forms

Front 53

Gender & Language: Theoretical Movements

Back 53

Theories reflect the dominant gender ideologies of the time

Front 54

Difference (subculture) theory

Back 54

Argues that men and women live in different linguistic worlds because they live in different subcultures.

Front 55

Dominance Theory

Back 55

Focus on patriarchy and male power in social, political, and and economic arrangements in society.

Front 56

Linguistic accommodation

Back 56

Speakers modify language patterns in interaction to make them more like the people with whom they're speaking

Front 57

Convergence

Back 57

Syntactically, morphologically, phonetically - expression of solidarity, attempt to remove social distance

Front 58

Divergence

Back 58

Language patterns become more unlike each other - express social distance, reaffirm identity.

Front 59

Communicative strategy theory

Back 59

Study of ways language use reflects conscious and unconscious social expectations, gender roles, power differences, and ways in which men and women negotiate and manipulate these

Exs: Nahuatl and Japan

Front 60

Identity Theory

Back 60

Linguistic construction of membership in one or more social groups or categories; language provides crucial criteria in how groups define themselves or are defined by others.

Front 61

Community of practice

Back 61

An aggregate of people who come together around mutual engagement in an endeavor