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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is Piaget's constructivist approach?
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Students construct knowledge by active learning/doing
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What is Vygotsky's social constructivist approach?
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Students learn by interacting with others and from teachers and peers through scaffolding.
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What did Loban's research in 1976 say?
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Students who are good at reading are also good at writing, listening, and speaking
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What did Cummin's research say with regard to ELL students?
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Takes 2-3 years to learn conversational English
Takes 5-7 years to learn academic English |
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What are the four language systems?
How are they taught? |
Phonological or Sound System: phonics
Syntactic or Structure System: grammar, sentence structure, types of sentences, paragraph organization, parts of speech Semantic or Meaning System: dictionary/thesaurus use, synonyms, antonyms, prefixes, suffixes Pragmatics of Social and Cultural Use System: taught through modeling |
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What is social vs. academic language?
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Social language is used in everyday speech, has smaller words, and more slang.
Academic language should be used in the classroom, has more structure, bigger vocabulary, more specific words, more formal. |
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What is code switching?
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Code switching is going from social to academic language and vice versa.
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How can teachers encourage code switching to academic language?
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Write in casual --> then in formal
Story tell in both registers Role play in both registers Cue the students when they are using social language |
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How do we build an effective classroom community?
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Tell students our expectations of them: high expectations
Go over procedures and routines during first two weeks Explain to students how to talk to each other and to respond to literature Democratic classroom Make a decision about class you want to have |
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What are the six language arts?
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Speaking
Listening Reading Writing Viewing (seeing photos, posters, etc) Visually representing (creating something on Internet) |
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What is critical literacy?
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• Critical literacy focuses on the empowering role of both oral and written language. This theory emphasizes the use of all six language arts to communicate, solve problems, and persuade others to a course of action. Language becomes a mean for social action and change.
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What are the four instructional approaches in language arts?
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Lit circles
Thematic unit Lit focus unit Reading/writing workshop |
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Describe literature circles.
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The teacher preselects books and divides the class into groups. Each group reads a different book and has roles each week they are responsible for. It is like a book club or book discussion.
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Describe a thematic unit.
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Students study social studies or science topics.
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Reading and writing workshop.
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Students choose books and read and respond to them independently. Teachers have conferences with students.
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Describe a literature focus unit.
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The teachers and students read and respond to one text together as a class or in small groups. High-quality lit selections
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What are the five stages of the writing process?
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Prewriting
Drafting Revising Editing Publishing |
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What happens during prewriting?
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Students brainstorm topics and think about their audience
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What happens during drafting?
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Students focus on content and write a "sloppy copy"
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What happens during revising?
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Students shift sentences and paragraphs, change attention getters or zingers, share w/peers
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What happens during editing?
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Students look closely at grammar and spelling and conventions
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What happens during publishing?
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Type
Author's competition Read from author's chair Class newsletter |
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What are the three developmental stages of reading?
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Emerging: environmental print
Beginning: grapheme-phoneme connection Fluent: can decode most words by end of second grade/beginning of third grade |
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What are the three developmental stages of writing?
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Emerging: scribbling
Beginning: invented spelling, can use easy phonics rules Fluent: can write sentences and paragraphs |
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Describe interactive writing
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Collect materials to be used for writing.
Set a purpose for writing. All students get something to write on. Choose a sentence to write. Write the first sentence word by word. Display the writing on chart paper |
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Describe the language experience approach
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Provide an experience
Discuss the experience Students dictate to teacher Take turns reading |
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Describe predictable charts
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An apple is...hard
An apple is...red An apple is...green An apple is...yummy |
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Common prefixes
Common suffixes |
un, re, mis
ed, ing, ful, ly |
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Synonyms and antonyms
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Synonyms are words that mean the same thing. Big, giant
Antonyms are words with opposite meaning. Big, small |
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Homophones
Examples |
words that are pronounced the same with different meaning
too, to, two there, their hear, here bear, bare |
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Homographs
Examples |
words that are spelled the same but have different meaning
I do not permit that. He has a parking permit. |
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Multiple meaning words.
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Words with multiple meanings
bat, light, play, ship, ring |
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Similes
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Use like or as to compare things.
He sleeps like a baby. |
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Metaphors
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Don't use like or as to make comparison.
He is a ray of sun. |
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Idioms
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expressions
Get off my back. Hold your horses. Straight from the horse's mouth. |
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Tier I, Tier II, and Tier III words
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Tier I are basic, everyday words that don't have to be taught
Tier II words are academic words that students should know to have academic success Tier III words are less common, and are specialized and that do not have to be learned before high school |
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Eight parts of speech
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Verb
Noun Adjective Adverb Interjection Conjunction Pronoun Preposition |
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Parts of a sentence
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Subject: who
Predicate: the rest of the sentence Independent clause: can stand alone Dependent clause: cannot stand alone |
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4 Types of sentences based on purpose
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Exclamatory
Interrogative Imperative Declarative |
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4 Types of sentences based on organization
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Simple: I like to eat fish.
Complex: When I go to the restaurant, I like to eat fish. Compound: I like to eat fish, and I like to drink lemonade. Compound complex: When I go to the restaurant, I like to eat fish, and I like to drink lemonade. |