Language And Occupation

Front 1

Conversational Maxims (Grice)

Back 1

Quality - speakers should tell the truth, not say what they think without evidence

Quantity - speakers should be as informative as required, say neither to much or to little

Relevance - relate clearly to the purpose of the exchange

Manner - Contributions should be clear, orderly and brief, avoiding obscurity and ambiguity

Front 2

Speech Acts - utterances that are equivalent to actions

Back 2

Locutionary acts - speech acts that have taken place

Illocutionary acts - actions performed by the utterance where saying equals doing

Perlocutionary acts - effects of the utterance on the listener

Front 3

Illocutionary acts - David Crystal

Back 3

representatives - the speaker asserts a preposition to be true using verbs like believe, conclude, affirm

Directives- the speaker tries to make the hearer do something, with such words as ask, beg, dare

Commissives - here the speaker commits himself to a future course of actions with verbs like guarantee, pledge, promise

Expressives - the speaker expresses an attitude to or about a state of affairs using verbs like apologise, congratulate, thank

Declarations - the speaker alters the external status or condition of an object or situation.

Front 4

Austin and Seale's terms

Back 4

presupposition - what is already known or assumed

Inference - what the listener/reader understands or guesses

Implicature - What the speaker/writer is implying or suggesting

Front 5

Names and addresses

Back 5

We express status and attitudes through titles, first names and last names. Titles are such things as professor, Dr, Sir, Dame, Mr, Miss and Mrs. They include honorific titles like your royal highness, your grace etc. Or in terms of occupation titles like boss, sir, officer, ma'am, sergeant.

Front 6

Face and politeness strategies

Back 6

Hedging - er, could you, perhaps, er, close the, um, window?

pessimism- I don't suppose you could close the window, could you?

Apologising - I'm terribly sorry to put you out, but could you close the window?

Impersonalising - the management requires all windows to be closed