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142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What virus is assoc w/vasculitis?
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Blue Tongue
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In esophageal obstruction/choke where do things commonly lodge?
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cervical portion of esophagus
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Projectile vomiting - your #1 DDx should be?
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azalea toxicity
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Andromedotoxins are assoc w/bradycardia or tachycardia?
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bradycardia
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corrugated intestines
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Johne's Dz/ParaTB/Chronic Wasting Dz
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What is the best test for Johne's Dz/ParaTB/Chronic Wasting Dz in cattle?
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AGID
ELISA for small ruminants |
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T or F
Dx of Johne's Dz/ParaTB/ Chronic Wasting Dz is difficult. |
T
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What age animals are most affected by Johne's Dz/
ParaTB/Chronic Wasting Dz? |
young
CS seen 1-2 yrs of age |
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Johne's Dz/ParaTB/Chronic Wasting Dz - hypoproteinemia or hyperproteinemia?
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hypo
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What is most common in the ileal regions of the SI?
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Johne's Dz/ParaTB/Chronic Wasting Dz
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In pregnancy toxemia/fatty liver syndrome - when does fatty liver occur?
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last month of gestation
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Who is mainly affected by pregnancy toxemia/fatty liver syndrome?
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thin & obese females w/single, large twins or triplets
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Pregnancy toxemia/fatty liver syndrome - recumbent animal - is this an emergency?
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yes - must be aggressive
must remove fetus (induction or c-section) |
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What can be done to prevent pregnancy toxemia/fatty liver syndrome?
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proper nutrition
U/S to ID multiple fetuses |
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sheep found dead with icterus & hemolysis
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Cu toxicosis
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sheep w/Hburia (port wine urine)
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Cu toxicosis
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What is most diagnostic of cu toxicosis?
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kidney [Cu] levels
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adult parasites live in abomasum & SI & produce 5,000-10,000 eggs/day
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Hemonchus contortus
Barber Pole Worm |
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Which is the only dewormer administered SQ?
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moxidectin
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Which macrolide (avermectin) dewormer should not be used?
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doramectin
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When is moxidectin used?
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only in emergency situations rapid resistance reported
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_______ = all of worm eggs & larvae already on pasture & all worms in animals that were NOT tx
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refugia
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large _____ = large # of worms likely to be susceptible to deworming
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refugia
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How can you determine the resistence status of worms in herd?
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fecal egg count reduction test - Modified McMaster's
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How do you dose for smart drenching of a herd?
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dose for largest animal in herd (underdosing leads to resistance)
2x sheep/cattle dose for all deworms except levamisole 1.5x sheep/cattle doses of levamisole |
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T or F
FAMACHA slows dev of resistance of dewormers. |
T
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T or F
FAMACHA should only be used for adults. |
T
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T or F
Anthelmintics should be rotated. |
F
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assoc with Retrovirus
requires biopsy to confirm tx is surgical removal |
enzootic nasal tumor
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T or F
Heads should NOT be bandaged a/f dehorning. |
F
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sinusitis involving frontal sinus usually has hx of ____
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dehorning
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sinusitis involving ______ sinus is 2ndary to tooth problems
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maxillary
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Pharyngitis Dx - external palp of pharyngeal area induces ______ & painful response
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coughing
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most common form of pasteurellosis
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pneumonic form
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T or F
Pasteurellosis is one of the most important infectious bacterial dzs of sheep & goats. |
T
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the 1st sign m/b death
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pasteurellosis
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chronically (lungers) affected will have lambs & kids with decreased lung capacity, decreased weight gain, decreased feed efficiency & death
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pasteurellosis
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tx fo pasteurellosis
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florfenicol
timicosin - deadly in goats & humans <30 min) |
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predisposes to pasteurellosis
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parainfluenza type 3 (PI3)
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histopath: nodular "hyaline" scars in bronchiolar walls
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mycoplasma pneumonia of sheep
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How long do goats shed mycoplasma pneumonia for?
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life
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Lentivirus
long incubation period (2-4 yrs) |
OPP
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PM: large (2-3x), heavy lungs
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OPP
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bright red blood
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HCN (hydrogen cyanide)toxicity
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brown blood
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nitrate-nitrite toxicity
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thick brown to black crusts at commissures of mouth
lesions resolve in 14-21 days but may persist if immunocompromised so look for other problems |
contagious ecthyma/orf
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how long are orf scabs infective in the environment?
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long time
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similar virus to orf but antigenically distinct
DDx from orf by location |
ulcerative dermatitis
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ulcers, necrosis, scabs
moist exudate lesions do NOT involve oral mucosa |
ulcerative dermatitis
|
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T or F
Orf is NOT zoonotic. |
F
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severe suppurative inflammation of the skin affecting ears, muzzle, face, tail
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dermatophilosis
rain scald/rain rot |
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thick crusts containing zoospores that are stable in environment for at least 4 mos
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dermatophilosis
rain scald/rain rot |
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T or F
dermatophilosis (rain scald/rain rot) is zoonotic |
T
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_____ footrot is an infection of the distal extremities (granulation tissue)
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strawberry
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greenish discoloration of wool
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fleece rot
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lesions on back & withers - no scabs
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fleece rot
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rare condition affecting young rams - head & neck edema, especially eyelids
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malignant edema
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How is Actinobacillosis dx?
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cytology & Gram stain
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facultative, Gram positive, coccoid bacillus
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caseous lymphadenitis
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organism survives for long periods in dark, damp areas
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caseous lymphadenitis
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in sheep abscesses contain pale green material that forms an "onion-ring" like structure that matures to calcified mass
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caseous lymphadenitis
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in goats abscesses contain greenish-cream colored material with a pasty texture
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caseous lymphadenitis
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_____ is dx by culture of organisms from periphery of necrotic area
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caseous lymphadenitis
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T or F
Animals infected with caseous lymphadenitis should be culled b/c it's very contageous and hard to control |
T
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caseous lymphadenitis - you should not open the ______ near the rest of the flock
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abscesses
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most common mange of goats
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demodectic mange
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loss of intracellular cohesiveness leading to blister formation & acantholysis
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pemphigus foliaceus
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endophyte fungus that produces ergovine toxin
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fescue toxicity
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assoc w/parakeratosis
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zinc deficiency
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severe contagious dz of sheep - less severe in goats
most common cz of lameness in sheep |
footrot
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causative agent of footrot in sheep & goats
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Dichelobacter nodosus
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causative agent of footrot in cattle
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Fusobacterium necrophorum
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animals experience tetanic msucle contractions when startled
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myotonia congenita
fainting goats |
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Dx: joint fluid is purulent
(DDx from Chlamydophila - just fibrin) |
mycoplasma polyarthritis
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retrovirus that causes:
arthritis in adults encephalitis in young |
CAE
|
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transmitted from dam to kid via ingestion of colostrum or milk
target tissues - joints/synovium, mammory gland, lungs & brain/CNS |
CAE
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What is the hallmark pathological lesion of CAE?
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lymphocyte proliferation
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What are the 4 clinical syndromes of CAE?
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chronic progressive arthritis in adults goats > 6 mos
leukoencephalomyelitis - young interstitial pneumonia mastitis |
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chronic progressive arthritis in adult goats - synovial fluid has decreased protein & increased cell count of 90%, monomuclear cells, primarily lymphocytes
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CAE
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What is the most common method of Dx of OPP?
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serologic testing - AGID
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What are the 2 syndromes of white muscle dz/nutritional muscular dystrophy?
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cardiac form - acute to peracute
skeletal muscle form - subacute (more common) |
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T or F
The 2 syndromes of white muscle dz/nutritional muscular dystrophy can occur concurrently. |
T
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causes acute tubular necrosis
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metal toxicity
Abx toxicity |
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______affects goats b/c they are notorious for eating household items & zn containing objects
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metal toxicity
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Abx toxicity - toxic effects are enhanced by ______
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dehydration
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What Abx can cause toxicity?
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aminoglycosides
TC & sulfonamides (most common) |
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rare in sheep & goats but when it does occur it is usually in pet goats or club lambs
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ethylene glycol toxicity
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histopath: birefringent crystals arranged in sheaves or rosettes
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ethylene glycol toxicity
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acorns are palatable and readily consumed by ____ leading to acorn/oak toxicity
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goats
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poorly fed, heavily parasitized animals most susceptible
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oak (acorn) toxicity
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most commonly affected organs are mouth, esophagus, GIT & kidneys
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oak (acorn) toxicity
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constipation with excretion of mucus covered feces & hematochezia
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oak (acorn) toxicity
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Lepto is dx by what kind of serology?
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MAT - microagglutination titer (or ELISA)
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tx for lepto
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oxyTC & dihydrostreptomycin
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name the 3 lepto interorogans serovars in sheep
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L. pomona
L. icterohemorrhagica L. hardjo |
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name the 3 lepto interrogans serovars in goats
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L. pomona
L. icterohemorrhagica L. grippotyphosa |
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transmitted via contaminated urine
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lepto
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risk of infection higher after heavy rainfall esp in poorly drained environment
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lepto
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Nonhost adapted lepto serovars can cause severe _____ dz, ______ & _______
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hemolytic dz
interstitial nephritis tubular nephrosis |
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with the urogenital form - outbreaks of abortion & stillbirths
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lepto
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fever, anorexia, depression, anemia, Hburia, icterus in sheep and goats
sudden death in sheep |
lepto
|
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how can lepto be prevented?
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multivalent vaccines > 3 mos (2x/yr)
limit contact with carrier cattle, wild animals, rodents block access to standing water |
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most common medical problem in small ruminants
dz of males (esp catrated males) |
obstructive urolithiasis
|
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obstructive urolithiasis - what is the most common crystal? (composition varies according to geographic location)
|
Mg phosphate - struvite
|
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most calculi form in ____ urine so ______ is the best prevention
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alkaline
urinary acidifiers |
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What is the most important factor concerning obstructive urolithiasis?
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water intake
|
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obstructive urolithiasis - most common sites
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urethral process &/or sigmoid flexure
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crystals &/or blood seen on preputial hairs is a good indicator
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obstructive urolithiasis
|
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pain
distended bladder seen on U/S exteriorize penis & examine urethral porcess |
obstructive urolithiasis
|
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why is obstructive urolithiasis an emergency?
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bladder can rupture
|
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What is the medical tx for obstructive urolithiasis?
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fluids
anti-inflammatories (flunixin) Abx catheterization & retrograde flushing Wapole's soln via cystocentesis to dissolve crystals |
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What is the surgical tx of obstructive urolithiasis if the animal is going to slaughter?
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penile urethrostomy
|
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What is the surgical tx of obstructive urolithiasis if the animal is a pet or breeding animal?
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tube cystotomy
bladder marsupialization (most common) |
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For tx of obstructive urolithiasis the ____ (vermiform appendage/"worm") should be removed.
|
urethral process
|
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What is the max dose of lidocaine or mepivicaine?
bupivicaine? |
lidocaine 6 mg/kg max
bupivicaine 2 mg/kg max |
|
distended pear shaped ventral abdomen
ammonia smell oliguria or anuria |
ruptured bladder
|
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What is the definitive dx of a ruptured bladder?
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increased peritoneal creatinine (>2x serum)
|
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caused by interaction of local bacterial flora (most commonly C.renale) w/excess urinary urea d/t high protein diet (legumes, concentrates)
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ulcerative posthitis/pizzle rot
|
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ammonia damages mucosal surfaces
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ulcerative posthitis/pizzle rot
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problem of feedlot, club or show lambs or kids
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ulcerative posthitis/pizzle rot
|
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what is the most common form of listerosis?
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focal encephalitis causing septicemia, visceral infection & abortion (abortion does not usu occur w/encephalitis)
|
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can NOT survive in pH<5 (properly packaged silage) - #1 cause of survival is poor packaging of silage
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listerosis
|
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unilateral dz
more common in winter |
listerosis
|
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invades host thru breaks in buccal mb & ascends trigeminal nerve roots
|
listerosis
|
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dysphagia
facial & vestibular lesions |
listerosis
|
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most common clinical sign is recumbent with head tilt
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listerosis
|
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corneal ulceration from KCS common in goats
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listerosis
|
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dx by ID of microabscesses in brainstem & liver
|
listerosis
|
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CSF - increased WBC count w/>50% mononuclear cells, remaining cells neuts
|
listerosis
|
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Tx for listerosis?
|
penicillin
oxyTV florfenicol |
|
therapy less effective in sheep than in goats - poor px for sheep
|
listerosis
|
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improvement seen in 1-3 days vaccines of limited value
|
listerosis
|
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zoonotic - public health concern - can cause bacterial meningitis & abortions in humans
|
listerosis
|
|
T or F
All dzs that cause abortions in small ruminants are zoonotic. |
T
|
|
______ - meningial worm of India, Japan, Korea, Russia
|
Setaria sp
|
|
______ - meningeal worm of N. America
|
Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
|
|
1st clinical sign seen is ataxia
|
cerebral nematodiasis
|
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CSF >15% eosinophils
|
cerebral nematodiasis
|
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Tx: early & aggressive
ivermectin & panacur dexamethasone - may cz abortions |
cerebral nematodiasis
|
|
hairy fleece esp around head & neck is most common
|
BDV/Hairy Shaker
|
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How is the fetus affected if pregnant ewe infected with BDV >85 days of gestation?
|
normal, weal or stillborn
|
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How is the fetus affected if pregnant ewe infected with BDV <85 days of gestation?
|
fetus aborted, macerated or mummified
surviving lambs - disturbances of cerebellum & hair follicles PI - shed high levels of virus in all secretions & excretions |