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83 Cards in this Set
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Activated partial thromboplastin time |
25--35 s
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The partial thromboplastin time (PTT) or activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT or APTT) is a performance indicator measuring the efficacy of both the "intrinsic" (now referred to as the contact activation pathway) and the common coagulation pathways. Apart from detecting abnormalities in blood clotting,[1] it is also used to monitor the treatment effects with heparin, a major anticoagulant. It is used in conjunction with the prothrombin time (PT) which measures the extrinsic pathway.
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Bleeding time |
less than 10 min
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Bleeding time is a medical test done on someone to assess their platelets function. It involves making a patient bleed then timing how long it takes for them to stop bleeding.
The term template bleeding time is used when the test is performed to standardized parameters. |
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Erythrocyte count |
4.2--5.9 x 10⁶/ µL |
Red blood cells (RBCs), also called erythrocytes, are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate organism's principal means of delivering oxygen (O2) to the body tissues via the blood flow through the circulatory system. They take up oxygen in the lungs or gills and release it into tissues while squeezing through the body's capillaries.
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Erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
Male ----- 0--15 mm/h |
The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), also called a sedimentation rate or Westergren ESR, is the rate at which red blood cells sediment in a period of one hour. It is a common hematology test, and is a non-specific measure of inflammation. To perform the test, anticoagulated blood was traditionally placed in an upright tube, known as a Westergren tube, and the rate at which the red blood cells fall was measured and reported in mm/h.
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Erythropoietin |
Less than 30 mU/mL (30U/L)
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Erythropoietin, also known as EPO, is a glycoprotein hormone that controls erythropoiesis, or red blood cell production. It is a cytokine (protein signaling molecule) for erythrocyte (red blood cell) precursors in the bone marrow. Human EPO has a molecular weight of 34 kDa.
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D-Dimer |
less than 0.5 µg/mL (500mg/L) |
D-dimer (or D dimer) is a fibrin degradation product (or FDP), a small protein fragment present in the blood after a blood clot is degraded by fibrinolysis. It is so named because it contains two crosslinked D fragments of the fibrin protein.
D-dimer concentration may be determined by a blood test to help diagnose thrombosis. |
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Ferritin, serum |
15--200 ηg/mL (15-200µg/L) |
Ferritin is a ubiquitous intracellular protein that stores iron and releases it in a controlled fashion. The protein is produced by almost all living organisms, including algae, bacteria, higher plants, and animals. In humans, it acts as a buffer against iron deficiency and iron overload.[3] Ferritin is found in most tissues as a cytosolic protein, but small amounts are secreted into the serum where it functions as an iron carrier.
Serum ferritin is used as a diagnostic test for iron deficiency anemia. |
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Haptoglobin, serum |
50--150 mg/dL |
Serum hemoglobin is a blood test that measures the level of free hemoglobin in the liquid part of the blood (the serum). Free hemoglobin is the hemoglobin outside of the red blood cells. Most of the hemoglobin is found inside the red blood cells, not in the serum.
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Hematocrit: |
Male 41%--51% |
The hematocrit (Ht or HCT), also known as packed cell volume (PCV) or erythrocyte volume fraction (EVF), is the volume percentage (%) of red blood cells in blood.
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Hemoglobin, blood |
Male 14---17g/dL (140---170g/L) |
Hemoglobin (Hb or Hgb), is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates
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Leukocyte alkaline Phosphatase
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15---40 mg of phosphorus liberated/hr/10¹⁰ cells; |
Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) is found within white blood cells. White blood cell levels of LAP can help in the diagnosis of certain conditions.
#Higher levels are seen in polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocytosis (ET), primary myelofibrosis (PM), and the leukemoid reaction. # Lower levels are found in chronic myelogenous leukemia[23] (CML), paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML). |
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Leucocyte count
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4000---10,000/µL
(4.0x10⁹/L) |
White blood cells (WBCs), also called leukocytes or leucocytes, are the cells of the immune system that are involved in defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders. Five different and diverse types of leukocytes exist, and several types (including monocytes and neutrophils) are phagocytic. All leukocytes are produced and derived from a multipotent cell in the bone marrow known as a hematopoietic stem cell. They live for about three to four days in the average human body.
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Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
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28---33 picograms/cell |
The mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), or "mean cell hemoglobin" (MCH), is the average mass of hemoglobin per red blood cell in a sample of blood. It is reported as part of a standard complete blood count. MCH value is diminished in hypochromic anemias.[1]
It is calculated by dividing the total mass of hemoglobin by the number of red blood cells in a volume of blood. MCH=(Hgb*10)/RBC |
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Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration
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32---36 g/dL (320---360 g/L)
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The mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, a measure of the concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of packed red blood cells. It is reported as part of a standard complete blood count.
It is calculated by dividing the hemoglobin by the hematocrit. |
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Mean Corpuscular Volume
T |
80---100 fL |
The mean corpuscular volume, or "mean cell volume"(MCV), is a measure of the average volume of a red blood corpuscle (or red blood cell).
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Platelet Count
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150,000---350,000/µL (150---350x 10⁹/L) |
Platelets, also called "thrombocytes", are blood cells whose function (along with the coagulation factors) is to stop bleeding. Platelets have no nucleus: they are fragments of cytoplasm which are derived from the megakaryocytes of the bone marrow, and then enter the circulation. These unactivated platelets are biconvex discoid structures shaped like a lens, 2–3 µm in greatest diameter.
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Prothrombin time
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11---13 s
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The prothrombin time (PT) are measures of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation. This test is also called "ProTime INR" and "PT/INR". They are used to determine the clotting tendency of blood, in the measure of warfarin dosage, liver damage, and vitamin K status. PT measures factors I (fibrinogen), II (prothrombin), V, VII, and X. It is used in conjunction with the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) which measures the intrinsic pathway.
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Reticulocyte count
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0.5%---1.5% of erythrocytes;
absolute: 23,000---90,000/µL (23---90 x10⁹/L) |
Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells, typically composing about 1% of the red cells in the human body. Reticulocytes develop and mature in the red bone marrow and then circulate for about a day in the blood stream before developing into mature red blood cells. Like mature red blood cells, reticulocytes do not have a cell nucleus. They are called reticulocytes because of a reticular (mesh-like) network of ribosomal RNA that becomes visible under a microscope with certain stains such as new methylene blue.
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Albumin, serum
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3.5--5.5 g/dL |
Human serum albumin is the most abundant protein in human blood plasma. It is produced in the liver. Albumin constitutes about half of the blood serum protein. It is soluble and monomeric.
Albumin transports hormones, fatty acids, and other compounds, buffers pH, and maintains osmotic pressure, among other functions. Albumin is synthesized in the liver as preproalbumin, which has an N-terminal peptide that is removed before the nascent protein is released from the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The product, proalbumin, is in turn cleaved in the Golgi vesicles to produce the secreted albumin. |
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Alkaline Phosphatase, serum
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36---92 U/L
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Alkaline phosphatase (ALP, ALKP, ALPase, Alk Phos) is a hydrolase enzyme responsible for removing phosphate groups from many types of molecules, including nucleotides, proteins, and alkaloids. The process of removing the phosphate group is called dephosphorylation. As the name suggests, alkaline phosphatases are most effective in an alkaline environment. It is sometimes used synonymously as basic phosphatase.
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α-fetoprotein, serum
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0---20 ng/mL |
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP, α-fetoprotein; also sometimes called alpha-1-fetoprotein, alpha-fetoglobulin, or alpha fetal protein) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AFP gene. The AFP gene is located on the q arm of chromosome 4 (4q25).
AFP is a major plasma protein produced by the yolk sac and the liver during fetal development. It is thought to be the fetal form of serum albumin. AFP binds to copper, nickel, fatty acids and bilirubin and is found in monomeric, dimeric and trimeric forms. |
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Aminotransferase, alanine
(ALT) |
0---35 U/L
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Alanine transaminase or ALT is a transaminase enzyme. It is also called serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) or alanine aminotransferase (ALAT).
ALT is found in plasma and in various bodily tissues, but is most commonly associated with the liver. It catalyzes the two parts of the alanine cycle. |
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Aminotransferase, asparate
(AST) |
0---35 U/L
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Aspartate transaminase (AST) or aspartate aminotransferase, also known as AspAT/ASAT/AAT or serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), is a pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent transaminase enzyme. AST catalyzes the reversible transfer of an α-amino group between aspartate and glutamate and, as such, is an important enzyme in amino acid metabolism. AST is found in the liver, heart, skeletal muscle, kidneys, brain, and red blood cells, and it is commonly measured clinically as a marker for liver health.
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Ammonia, plasma
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40-80 µg/dL
(23-47 µmol/L) |
This test measures plasma levels of ammonia, a nonprotein nitrogen compound that helps maintain acid-base balance. In diseases such as cirrhosis of the liver, ammonia can bypass the liver and accumulate in the blood. Plasma ammonia levels may help indicate the severity of hepatocellular damage.
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Amylase, serum
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0---130 U/L
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Bicarbonate, serum
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23---28 mcq/L
23---28 mmol/L |
The bicarbonate content of serum or plasma is a significant indicator of electrolyte dispersion and anion deficit. Together with pH determination, bicarbonate measurements are used in the diagnosis and treatment of numerous potentially serious disorders associated with acid-base imbalance in the respiratory and metabolic systems. Some of these conditions are diarrhea, renal tubular acidosis, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, hyperkalemic acidosis, renal failure, and ketoacidosis.
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Bilirubin, serum
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Total: 0.3--1.2mg/dL
(5.1---20.5µmol/L) Direct: 0---0.3 mg/dL (0---5.1 µmol/L) |
A bilirubin test measures the amount of bilirubin in a blood sample. Bilirubin is a brownish yellow substance found in bile. It is produced when the liver breaks down old red blood cells. Bilirubin is then removed from the body through the stool (feces) and gives stool its normal color.
Bilirubin circulates in the bloodstream in two forms: Indirect (or unconjugated) bilirubin. This form of bilirubin does not dissolve in water (it is insoluble). Indirect bilirubin travels through the bloodstream to the liver, where it is changed into a soluble form (direct or conjugated). Direct (or conjugated) bilirubin. Direct bilirubin dissolves in water (it is soluble) and is made by the liver from indirect bilirubin. |
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Blood gases, arterial (ambient air)
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pH : 7.38---7.44 |
Oxygen is carried in the blood attached to haemoglobin molecules. Oxygen saturation is a measure of how much oxygen the blood is carrying as a percentage of the maximum it could carry.
One haemoglobin molecule can carry a maximum of four molecules of oxygen, if a haemoglobin molecule is carrying three molecules of oxygen then it is carrying 3/4 or 75% of the maximum amount of oxygen it could carry. One hundred haemoglobin molecules could together carry a maximum of 400 (100 x 4) oxygen molecules, if these 100 haemoglobin molecules were carrying 380 oxygen molecules they would be carrying (380 / 400) x 100 = 95% of the maximum number of oxygen molecules that could carry and so together would be 95% saturated. Oxygen saturation is also refered to as SpO2. |
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Oxygen
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8---20 mg/dL
(2.9---7.1 mmol/L) |
A blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test measures the amount of nitrogen in your blood that comes from the waste product urea. Urea is made when protein is broken down in your body. Urea is made in the liver camera.gif and passed out of your body in the urine.
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C-reactive protein
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0.0---0.8 mg/dL |
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an annular (ring-shaped), pentameric protein found in the blood plasma, the levels of which rise in response to inflammation (i.e., C-reactive protein is an acute-phase protein). Its physiological role is to bind to phosphocholine expressed on the surface of dead or dying cells (and some types of bacteria) in order to activate the complement system via the C1Q complex.
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Calcium, serum
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9---10.5 mg/dL
(2.2---2.6 mmol/L) |
the total amount of calcium in your blood. About half of the calcium in the blood is attached to proteins, mainly albumin. For this reason, the calcium blood test can be misleading, and sometimes needs tests to confirm the result.
A separate test measures calcium that is not attached to proteins in your blood. Such calcium is called free or ionized calcium. |
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Carbon dioxide content, serum
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23---28 meq/L |
n the body, most of the CO2 is in the form of a substance called bicarbonate (HCO3-). Therefore, the CO2 blood test is really a measure of your blood bicarbonate level.
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Chloride, serum
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98---106 meq/L |
Chloride is an anion in the human body needed for metabolism (the process of turning food into energy).[1] It also helps keep the body's acid-base balance. The amount of serum chloride is carefully controlled by the kidneys.
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Cholesterol, plasma
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Total : 150---199mg/dL |
the concentration of cholesterol in blood plasma. In human blood, cholesterol occurs as a component of all plasma lipoproteins, but especially very-low-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein. A correlation exists between the level of plasma cholesterol and the occurrence of atheroma and heart attacks; this is associated with the role of low-density lipoprotein, which has the highest concentration of cholesterol and distributes cholesterol to the tissues.
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Complement, serum
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C3 : 55---120 mg/dL |
Complement is a blood test that measures the activity of certain proteins in the liquid portion of your blood.
The complement system is a group of proteins that move freely through your bloodstream. The proteins work with your immune system and play a role in the development of inflammation. There are nine major complement proteins. They are labeled C1 through C9. |
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Creatine kinase, serum
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30---170 U/L
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Creatine kinase (CK), also known as creatine phosphokinase (CPK) or phospho-creatine kinase (and sometimes incorrectly as creatinine kinase), is an enzyme expressed by various tissues and cell types. CK catalyses the conversion of creatine and consumes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to create phosphocreatine (PCr) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). This CK enzyme reaction is reversible and thus ATP can be generated from PCr and ADP.
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Creatinine, serum
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0.7---1.3 mg/dL |
Creatinine (Greek: "flesh") is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle, and is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body (depending on muscle mass).
Creatinine is a chemical waste molecule that is generated from muscle metabolism. Creatinine is produced from creatine, a molecule of major importance for energy production in muscles. Approximately 2% of the body's creatine is converted to creatinine every day. Creatinine is transported through the bloodstream to the kidneys. The kidneys filter out most of the creatinine and dispose of it in the urine. |
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Electrolytes, serum
Na K Cl HCO₃ |
Sodium : 136---145 mmol/L
Potassium : 3.5 ---5.0 mmol/L Chloride : 98---106 mmol/L Bicarbonate 23---28 mmol/L |
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Fibrinogen, plasma
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150---350 mg/dL
1.5---3.5 g/L |
Fibrinogen is a protein produced by the liver. This protein helps stop bleeding by helping blood clots to form. A blood test can be done to tell how much fibrinogen you have in the blood.
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Folate, red cell
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160---855 ηg/mL |
Red Cell Folate (RBC Folate) is a measure of the body’s store of the vitamin Folate - also known as Folic Acid.
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Folate, serum
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2.5---20 ηg/mL
(5.7---45.3 ηmol/L) |
FOLIC ACID. Folic acid is a water-soluble B-vitamin first identified in 1930 by Wills and Mehta as "Wills factor." Wills factor cured the anemias of pregnant women in India, a clinical condition that commonly results from undernutrition. This vitamin was later isolated from spinach leaves and named folic acid (Latin folium, leaf). Unlike most bacteria and yeast, mammals cannot synthesize folate and, therefore, require folate in the diet. This vitamin is present in the body as a family of at least nine structurally related chemical compounds that are collectively referred to as folate. The term folic acid refers to a synthetic form of the vitamin. Folic acid, which is biologically inactive, is found in foods that have been fortified with it. Folic acid is also the form that is present in nutritional supplements. Folic acid can be converted by living cells to a biologically active form called tetrahydrofolate. This active form serves the same biological function as natural folates. The t
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Glucose, plasma
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fasting; 70---100 mg/dL
3.9---5.6 mmol/L |
Fasting blood sugar test is the other name of FPG (Fasting Plasma Glucose) test which helps in diagnosing diabetes mellitus and used to measure the level of sugar in the blood. This test is very simple and not much expensive; it works with insulin to detect the problems.
Protracted fasting triggers glucagon which is a type of hormone, which is generated through pancreas. Due to which liver releases blood sugar in the bloodstream. If a person is not suffering from diabetes, his or her body responds by generating insulin, which inhibits high blood sugar. Nevertheless, if any individual’s body cannot produce sufficient insulin or cannot aptly respond to insulin, FPG levels will stay high. |
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γ-Glutamyltransferase, serum
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0---30 U/L |
Gamma-glutamyl transferase or gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (also γ-glutamyl transferase, GGT, GGTP, gamma-GT) is an enzyme that transfers gamma-glutamyl functional groups. It is found in many tissues, the most notable one being the liver, and has significance in medicine as a diagnostic marker.
GGT catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-glutamyl moiety of glutathione to an acceptor that may be an amino acid, a peptide or water (forming glutamate). GGT plays a key role in the gamma-glutamyl cycle, a pathway for the synthesis and degradation of glutathione and drug and xenobiotic detoxification. Other lines of evidence indicate that GGT can also exert a prooxidant role, with regulatory effects at various levels in cellular signal transduction and cellular pathophysiology. |
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Homocysteine, plasma
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Male : 0.54---2.16 mg/L
4---16 µmol/L Female : 0.41---1.89 mg/L 3---14 µmol/L |
Homocysteine is a non-protein α-amino acid. It is a homologue of the amino acid cysteine, differing by an additional methylene bridge (-CH2-). It is biosynthesized from methionine by the removal of its terminal Cε methyl group. Homocysteine can be recycled into methionine or converted into cysteine with the aid of B-vitamins.
This test measures the amount of homocysteine in blood. Homocysteine is an amino acid in the body. This test is used to evaluate conditions that change the function or blood concentration of the B vitamins. |
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Immunoglobulins:
Globulins, total |
Globulins, total : 2.5---3.5 g/dL |
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Immunoglobulins:
IgA |
IgA - 70---300 mg/dL
0.7---3.0 g/L |
IgA antibodies are found in areas of the body such the nose, breathing passages, digestive tract, ears, eyes, and vagina. IgA antibodies protect body surfaces that are exposed to outside foreign substances. This type of antibody is also found in saliva, tears, and blood. About 10% to 15% of the antibodies present in the body are IgA antibodies. A small number of people do not make IgA antibodies.
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Immunoglobulins:
IgG |
IgG - 640---1430 mg/dL
6.4---14.3 g/L |
IgG antibodies are found in all body fluids. They are the smallest but most common antibody (75% to 80%) of all the antibodies in the body. IgG antibodies are very important in fighting bacterial and viral infections. IgG antibodies are the only type of antibody that can cross the placenta in a pregnant woman to help protect her baby (fetus).
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Immunoglobulins:
IgM |
IgM - 20---140 mg/dL
0.2---1.4 /L |
IgM antibodies are the largest antibody. They are found in blood and lymph fluid and are the first type of antibody made in response to an infection. They also cause other immune system c
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Immunoglobulins:
IgD |
IgD - less than 8 mg/dL
80 mg/L |
IgD antibodies are found in small amounts in the tissues that line the belly or chest. How they work is not clear.
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Immunoglobulins:
IgE |
IgE - 0.01---0.04 mg/dL
0.1---0.4 mg/L |
IgE antibodies are found in the lungs, skin, and mucous membranes. They cause the body to react against foreign substances such as pollen, fungus spores, and animal dander. They are involved in allergic reactions to milk, some medicines, and some poisons. IgE antibody levels are often high in people with allergies.
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Iron Studies
Ferritin, serum |
15---200 ηg/mL |
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Iron Studies
Iron, serum |
60---160 µg/dL |
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Iron Studies
Iron-binding capacity, total, serum |
250---460 µg/dL |
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Iron Studies
Transferrin saturation |
20%---50%
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Lactate dehydrogenase, serum
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60---100 U/L
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Lactic acid, venous blood
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6---16 mg/dL |
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Lipase, serum
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less than 95 U/L
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Magnesium, serum
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1.5---2.4 mg/dL |
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Methylmalonic acid, serum
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150---370 ηmol/L |
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Osmolality, plasma
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275---295 mosm/kg H₂O |
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Phosphatase, alkaline, serum
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36---92 U/L
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Phosphorus, serum
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3---4.5 mg/dL |
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Potassium, serum
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3.5---5.0 mEq/L |
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Prostate-specific antigen, serum
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less than 4 ηg/mL
4 µg/L |
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Protein, serum
Total Albumin Globulins, total |
Total : 6.0---7.8 g/dL |
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Rheumatoid factor
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less than 40 U/ml (40 kU/L) |
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Sodium, serum
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136---145 mEq/L |
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Transferrin saturation
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20%---50% |
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Triglycerides
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less than 250 mg/dL |
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Troponins, serum
Troponin I |
0---0.5 ηg/mL
0---0.5 µg/L |
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Troponins, serum
Troponin T |
0---0.10 ηg/mL |
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Urea nitrogen, blood
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8---20 mg/dL |
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Uric acid, serum
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2.5---8 mg/dL |
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Vitamin B₁₂, serum |
200---800 pg/mL |
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Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), serum |
9---52 pg/mL |
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Aldosterone, serum Supine Standing |
Supine: 2---5 ηg/dL (55---138 pmol/L) Stantding: 7 -- 20 ηg/dL (194---554 pmol/L) |
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Aldosterone, urine |
5---19 µg/24h (13.9---52.6 ηmol/24 h) |
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Catecholamines Epinephrine, plasma (supine) |
less than 75 ηg/L (410 pmol/L) |
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Catecholamines Norepinephrine, plasma (supine) |
50---440 ηg/L (296 --- 2600 pmol/L) |
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Catecholamines, 24 hour, urine
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less thank 100 µg/m² per 24 h (591 ηmol/m² per 24 h |
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Cortisol, free, urine |
less than 100 µg/24 h (139 ηmol/24 h) |
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Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA), plasma |
Male: 1.3 --5.5 µg/mL (3.5--14.9 µmol/L)
Female: 0.6--3.3 µg/mL (1.6---8.9 µmol/L)
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Epinephrine, plasma (supine) |
less than 75 ηg/L (410 pmol/L) |
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