Laboratory Tests

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Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)

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Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) is a blood test that measures the time it takes your blood to clot. A PTT test can be used to check for bleeding problems. A longer-than-normal PTT or APTT can mean a lack of or low level of one of the blood clotting factors or another substance needed to clot blood. This can be caused by bleeding disorders

Normal - Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT): 30–40 seconds

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Prothrombin time (PT)

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Prothrombin time (PT) is a blood test that measures how long it takes blood to clot. A prothrombin time test can be used to check for bleeding problems. PT is also used to check whether medicine to prevent blood clots is working. A longer-than-normal PT can mean a lack of or low level of one or more blood clotting factors (factors I, II, V, VII, or X). It can also mean a lack of vitamin K; liver disease, such as cirrhosis; or that a liver injury has occurred. A longer-than-normal PT can also mean that you have disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), a life-threatening condition in which your body uses up its clotting factors so quickly that the blood cannot clot and bleeding does not stop.

Normal - Prothrombin time (PT): 11-13 seconds

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International normalized ratio (INR)

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NR (international normalized ratio) stands for a way of standardizing the results of prothrombin time tests, no matter the testing method.

Normal - International normalized ratio (INR): 0.8-1.1

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Liver Function Tests

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(LFTs) are a group of blood tests that detect inflammation and damage to the liver.

If ALT and AST are found together in elevated amounts in the blood, liver damage is most likely present.

When bile flow is slow or blocked, blood levels of certain liver enzymes rise: Alkaline phosphatase, 5' nucleotidase, Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)

PT and INR rise in people with severe liver disease because the liver fails to make normal amounts of certain clotting factors.

Albumin levels are low in people with severe chronic liver disease, because the liver does not make normal amounts of albumin.

Bilirubin is a waste product from the breakdown of red blood cells. The liver processes bilirubin so it can be excreted in stool. Bilirubin flows through the liver's bile ducts, dissolved in bile. Bilirubin blood levels may be elevated in people with impaired bile flow.

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Peaks and troughs

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A trough level is usually drawn about a half an hour prior to your next dose of the medication. This will show the amount of the drug at its lowest level in your system. The peak level is usually drawn about a half an hour after the medication is given in the IV form or about an hour or two if you take the medication orally. The peak shows the medication at its highest level in your system. This allows the doctor to be sure that the drug they're giving you is at a good/safe level in your system.

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Serum Creatinine

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The creatinine blood test measures the level of creatinine in the blood. This test is done to see how well your kidneys work. Creatinine is removed from the body entirely by the kidneys. If kidney function is not normal, creatinine level increases in your blood. This is because less creatinine is released through your urine.

Normal -
Men: 0.7 to 1.3 mg/dL
Women: 0.6 to 1.1 mg/dL

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Serum Electrolytes

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Calcium: 9 to 11 mg/dL
Chloride: 96 - 106 mEq/L
Magnesium: 1.7 to 2.2 mg/dL
Phosphorus: 2.4 - 4.1 mg/dL
Potassium: 3 - 5.5 mg/dL
Sodium: 135 to 145 mEq/L

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Serum glucose

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Normal: 70 and 100 mg/dL

A level of 100-125mg/dL means you have impaired fasting glucose, a type of prediabetes. This increases your risk for type 2 diabetes.

A level of 126 mg/dL and higher most often means you have diabetes.