Labor And Delivery

Front 1

teratogenic effects

Back 1

anything that crosses the placenta like rubella and measles, drugs and alcohol. what happens to the mother happens to the baby.

Front 2

fertilization and implantation

Back 2

fertilized in the ampulla called conception which takes 24 hours, zygote has 44 chromosomes and 2 sex chromosomes. then moves down the tube through cillias and preristalsis 3-4 days cells go through mitosis and implants in the uterine mucosa in the fundus.

Front 3

zygote

Back 3

fertilized egg, goes through mitosis, amniotic cavity has actoderm as the outer layer, yolk cavity has endoderm for internal organs and between the two cavities is the mesoderm which is muscles and tissues.

Front 4

embryo

Back 4

the first 8 weeks, heart starts beating and tissues forms. it looks like human.

Front 5

fetus

Back 5

9 weeks on till birth

Front 6

placenta

Back 6

maternal fetal interphase, fetal side is where baby grows and is smooth and shiny. the maternal side is rough and it is where exchange of oxygen and nutrients takes place

Front 7

umbilical cord

Back 7

life line to the baby from mom, delivers food and 02, 20-22 inches has whartons jelly which prevents blood vesels from compressing. 2 arteries carries deoxygenated blood to the placenta and 1 artery that carries o2 blood to the fetus.

Front 8

fetal membrane

Back 8

excretes hormones and has its own circulation. chorion is the oter layer and is connected to the fetal side and the amnion is the inner layer and blends with umbelical cord

Front 9

amniotic fluid

Back 9

shock obserber, regulates temp, protects and keeps baby warm. contains urea, nitrogen, skin and hair products, has about 1-4 liter of fluid at end of pregnancy. can get amniocentesis to look for any chromosomal abnormalities like down syndrome

Front 10

presumptive signs

Back 10

subjective, what mom thinks
amenorrhea, n&v, breast changes, quickening(movement of baby 16-18 weeks) chadwicks sign (purplish color in peri area.)

Front 11

probable signs

Back 11

hegars signs(softening of the isthmus between cervix and fundus) goodells sign (softening of the cervix) ballotment (16-18 wks feeling fetus by feeling rebound of baby) braxton hicks, pregnancy test

Front 12

positive signs

Back 12

see, hear, feel we know i am
ultrasounds, feeling of movement, fetal heartbeat

Front 13

hormonal changes

Back 13

increased estrogen and progesterone because of HCG level (human choloronic gonatropid), then placenta takes over which supresses FSH, LH, mentration

Front 14

uterine

Back 14

uterus enlarges and thins out, in the beg. it moves up to the xiphoid process then ligtning (drops down)

Front 15

obstretical history

Back 15

gravida - how many pregnancy
para- how many live births

Front 16

estimated date of confinement

Back 16

nageles rules first day of last period, go back 3 months add 7 days

Front 17

normal discomforts

Back 17

*ptyalism-too much saliva from increase estrogen. mouthwash, chewgum, suck candy.
*n&v from increase hcg levels and changes in carb metabolism, use dry to wet crackers then carbonated drinks like 7up
*pyrosis-heartburn because increase size of fetus, smaller frequent meals, decrease fat, low sodium antacids and avoid lying down after eating.
*uti's form frequent urination, wipe front to back, acidify like cranbery juice, and do pelvic exercises.
*constipation - walk it off to increase peristalsis, add fluid then fiber like wheat bread, nuts and grains and unprocesed outmeals
*edema- in feet and ankles elevate feet above heart no tight clothing
*hard time breathing- left side lying

Front 18

danger signs of pregnancy

Back 18

-visual disturbances
-severe or sudden headaces
-edema in hands and feet
-rapid weight gain
-severe abd. pain
-signs of infection like fevers chills diarrhea
-vaginal bleeding
-persistant vomiting
-irratable muscles
-absence in fetal movement

Front 19

nutritional needs

Back 19

high patasium like oranges, dry apricots, cofee
300 calories more per day

Front 20

weight gain

Back 20

about 21-35 lbs of total weight gain. first trimester 3 lbs, 2nd and 3rd about a pound a week

Front 21

reproductive

Back 21

acts as an endocrine gland and excretes hcg which excretes progesterone and estrogen to stop produciton of eggs

Front 22

hyperemesis gravidarum

Back 22

excessive vomiting,
-causes dehydration, acid base imbalance, cardiac dysrhtmias from low potassium and jaunidice and hemorrhage from low vitamins.
-record i&o, turgor and mucosa,monitor fhr.
-iv feeding, no solids till vomiting stops, blands solids first like toast and crakers or liquids, can have tpn if severe.
-provide oral care, and emotional support

Front 23

multiple pregnancies

Back 23

spontanious abortions, anemia, pih, and bleeding are comon, congenital anomalies, entangled cords and growth probs and complicated labor,

Front 24

bleeding defecits

Back 24

includes placenta previa, abruptio placentae, disseminated intravascular cuagulation, postpartum hemmorhage, pih, thrombobhlebitis

Front 25

ectopic pregnancies

Back 25

implants in fallopian tube, ruputures and bleeds. slight vaginal bleeding, hypovelemic shock. sharp, localized one sided pain refered to the shoulder, abd, rigid and tender.
-ultrasound and labs
-salpingectomy, salpingostomy and replace blood. if unruptured ectopic use methotrexate (folic aced antagonist) destroys the cells.

Front 26

spontaneous abortion

Back 26

miscarriage before the 20th week, therapeutic abortion interuption for medical or social reasons. bleeding with or w/o cramping. iv fluids, blood therapy, d&c, evacuation,rest, iron supplements
*threatened- bleeding & cramping, alive or dead, less activity, sedation avoid stress or orgasms
*inevitable- increased bleeding, dilation, termination by d&c
*complete-everyting came out
*incomplete- some are still in
*missed- fetus dies & remains in uterus, monitor blood clotting
*septic- malodorous bleeding, high temp, carmping, abd tenderness, c&s, antibiotic ampocillin
*habitual- aborted 3 or more consecutive times

Front 27

placenta previa

Back 27

placenta covering cervix from past c-sections, and age. complete, incomplete, marginal. painless bright red bleeding after 20th week. ultrasound.
-c-section, hospital stay, blood type crossmatch, no sex

Front 28

abruptio placentae

Back 28

placenta seperates prematurly from uterine wall
-bleeding, suden severe pain, increase uterus from hemorhage, grade I mild no distress, II moderate distress baby, III severe shock, dead fetus.
-ultrasound, hormonesa and lab test.
-monitor fetus, retention catheter, fluid therayp, side lying

Front 29

disseminated intravascular coagulation

Back 29

changes in blood clotting, too much thrombin couses clots in vesels
-sudden chestpain, dyspnea, restless, cyanotic, frothy blood tinged mucus.
-iv therapy, heparin, 02 10-12L/min, early delivery, I&o, side lying